Background Type 2 diabetes is one of the leading causes of chronic kidney failure, which increases globally and represents a significant threat to public health. People from the Middle East represent one of the largest immigrant groups in Europe today. Despite poor glucose regulation and high risk for early-onset insulin-deficient type 2 diabetes, they have better kidney function and lower rates of all-cause and cardiovascular-specific mortality compared with people of European ancestry. Here, we assessed the genetic basis of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and other metabolic traits in people of Iraqi ancestry living in southern Sweden. Methods Genome-wide association study (GWAS) analyses were performed in 1201 Iraqi-born residents of the city of Malmö for eGFR and ten other metabolic traits using linear mixed-models to account for family structure. Results The strongest association signal was detected for eGFR in CST9 (rs13037490; P value = 2.4 × 10−13), a locus previously associated with cystatin C-based eGFR; importantly, the effect (major) allele here contrasts the effect (minor) allele in other populations, suggesting favorable selection at this locus. Additional novel genome-wide significant loci for eGFR (ERBB4), fasting glucose (CAMTA1, NDUFA10, TRIO, WWC1, TRAPPC9, SH3GL2, ABCC11), quantitative insulin-sensitivity check index (METTL16), and HbA1C (CAMTA1, ME1, PAK1, RORA) were identified. Conclusions The genetic effects discovered here may help explain why people from the Middle East have better kidney function than those of European descent. Genetic predisposition to preserved kidney function may also underlie the observed survival benefits in Middle Eastern immigrants with type 2 diabetes.
Summary From each of two populations, the outbred NMRI(N) and the synthetic four‐way cross (S), a line was selected for high 8‐week body weight (N8, S8), one for low 8‐week body weight (N6, S6) and one line served as control (N9, S9). One N line was selected for an antagonistic goal, high 3–5 week gain and low 8‐week body weight. After 54 generations of selection lines were crossed and F1, F2 and backcrosses produced. From these the genetic effects, additive, dominance, additive × additive (axa) and (additive × dominance) (axd) epistatic, were estimated. Based on the frequencies of nine biochemical markers, genetic distances as proposed by Cavalli‐Sforza and Nei were estimated between the lines. Dominance and epistatic effects increased with distance. Adding a quadratic term raised the statistical significance of distance on axa effects to near 0.10. When the marker distance was supplemented with a distance caused by selection the statistical significance of the predictor for axa of both 5–8 week gain and BW8 passed 0.05. Zusammenfassung Beziehung zwischen genetischer parentaler Distanz und nicht‐additiv genetischen Wirkungen in Linienkreuzungen von Mäusen Aus einer NMRI‐Auszucht‐ (N) und einer synthetischen (4‐fach Kreuzung S) Population wurden je eine Linie auf hohes (N8, S8), eine auf niedriges (N6, S6) 8‐Wochengewicht (BW8) durch 54 Generationen selektiert und eine Kontrollinie gehalten. Eine N‐Linie wurde antagonistisch auf niedriges BW8 and hohen Zuwachs von 3–5 Wochen selektiert. Nach 54 Selektionsgenerationen wurden 9 Kreuzungsgruppen aus reziproken F1, F2 und Rückkreuzungen erzeugt. Daran wurden genetische Kreuzungswirkungen‐additiv‐genetische, Dominanz und axa sowie axd epistatische–‐geschätzt. Anhand von 9 biochemisch‐genetischen Markern wurden die genetischen Distanzen nach Cavalli Sforza und Nei geschätzt. Die Regressionsanalyse zeigte, daß mit genetischer Distanz Dominanz‐und axa Wirkungen zunehmen. Einbeziehung eines quadratischen Regressionskoeffizienten ergab für die Beziehung zu axa Wirkungen auf 5–8 Wochen Zuwachs eine statistische Signifikanz von etwa 0.1. Berücksichtigung der selektionsverursachten Distanz zusätzlich zur Markerdistanz steigerte die Genauigkeit der Schätzung für 5–8 Wochen Zuwachs und BW8 und übertraf die Signifikanzschwelle von 0.05.
Summary Within family selection for 3–5 week gain (G3‐5) and against 8‐week weight (BW8) was practiced for 54 generations in a mouse line of eight full‐sib families per generation. The genetic correlation was 0.56 between the two traits, and rate of selection was intended to be 25%. The selection index derived from the realized parameters of the first generations of the experiment was −0.63 × BW8 ± 1.0 × G3‐5. Selection was successful insofar as it changed the traits in the desired directions, but this was achieved at considerable costs, i.e. gains were 10 to 15% of gains of direct, unimpeded selection. Zusammenfassung Langfristige antagonistische Selektion in einer Mauslinie Die Selektion fuer Zuwachs zwischen 3 und 5 Wochen (G3‐5) und gegen 8 Wochengewicht (BW8) wurde innerhalb Vollgeschwisterfamilien praktiziert. Die Linie wurde durch 54 Generationen in 8 Vollgeschwisterfamilien bei 25% Remontierung fortgefuehrt. Der aus realisierten Parametern der Generationen 6 bis 12 erstellte Selektionsindex war −0.63 × BW8+1.0 × G3‐5. Selektion war erfolgreich soweit es die Richtung der Veraenderungen betrifft. Dies wurde aber mit geringen Fortschritten erkauft, d.h. diese waren nur 10 bis 15% von Fortschritten, die Selektion auf ein Einzelmerkmal erwarten haette lassen.
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