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Abstract-Present paper outlines certain possibilities for a new approach to the generalized modeling of the dynamics of living organism reaction to the changes in its environment. It is shown that there exists common functional "alignment" of the immune and psychic responses in the living organism reaction to the changes in the environment. This is manifested in the experimentally recorded matching of the response scenarios and activities in the immune and psychic domains. Thus, one may conclude that there exist two functionally matched systems (psychic and immune) tracking the external influences and responding to them. On the other hand it is feasible that one is actually dealing with a complex inseparable psycho-immune system and experimentally monitors different aspects of its activity describing these from two different points of view. Given analysis of available experimental data seems to support both of the above alternatives without giving undoubted preferences to any of them. However treating the situation form the formal logic point of view certain preferences can be given to the concept of an inseparable psycho-immune system modeled in two different ways. This approach can also resolve certain collisions happening with the attempts to describe direct interrelations between psychic and immune domains, and can lead the way to higher-level functionality models of the dynamic responses of the living organisms.

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Abstract:The taxonomy of Diplectanum Diesing, 1858, a genus of monopisthocotylean monogeneans, remains unsettled and needs to be revised based on new morphological criteria. Recent studies in monopisthocotyleans have shown that the muscle arrangement in the posterior attachment organ (haptor) differs between congeneric species and can be used as an additional criterion in genus-level taxonomy. To explore the possibility of using the haptoral musculature and nervous system in the taxonomy of Diplectanum, we conducted a detailed confocal-microscopy study of three species of Diplectanum (D. aculeatum Parona et Perugia, 1889, D. sciaenae van Beneden et Hesse, 1863 and D. similis Bychowsky, 1957) with phalloidin staining for muscle and indirect immunostaining for 5HT and FMRFamide. A further goal was to clarify the functional mechanics of the haptor and the role of its essential components (squamodiscs and anchors) in attachment to the host. The system of connecting bars and gaffing anchors was found to have a complex musculature consisting of 23 muscles in D. aculeatum and D. sciaenae, and 21 muscles in D. similis. The squamodiscs were shown to be operated by several groups of muscles attached primarily to the area termed the squamodisc fulcrum. Most of the haptoral musculature is identical in D. aculeatum and D. sciaenae and these species differ only in the presence of a muscle sheath around the tissue strand between the squamodiscs in D. sciaenae and in the different patterns of superficial squamodisc muscles. Diplectanum similis shows more significant differences from the other two species: besides lacking two of the haptoral muscles, it also differs in the shapes and arrangement of several other muscles. The nervous system of all three species conforms to the general pattern typical for the Dactylogyroidea and shows little variation between species.