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Background and Objective: Beetroot juice is a biological antioxidant and acts as health-promoting minerals as well as soluble fibres and vitamins. This study aimed to encapsulate the Beetroot Juice Powder (BJP) by the conjugate sodium caseinate (NaCas) and Maltodextrin (MD) to protect it from environmental conditions. Produced flavoured acid beverage using BJP encapsulated using conjugates. Materials and Methods: Nano-encapsulation of BJP (20, 30, 40 mg gG 1 ) and determine the encapsulation efficiency, size and zeta potential. Rats were divided into 4 groups as follows, negative control, positive control and 2 test groups that received free BJP or encapsulated BJP. All rats except the negative control group were injected with CCl 4 twice a week. Results: The NaCas-MD conjugate has the advantage over the NaCas-MD complex of higher stability and BJP binding, also showing high encapsulation efficiency (>93.75%) of different levels of BJP. The flavoured beverage from the addition of BJP encapsulated by conjugate has better sensory and technological properties than fortified with BJP in the complex. Injection with CCl 4 leads to a decrease in body weight, serum parameters including, protein, albumin, GSH, CAT and SOD, also increase ALT, AST, ALP and liver weight. Moreover, a variable pathological alteration in liver tissue was found. At the end of the experiment receiving encapsulated beetroot juice led to improvement in all above body and liver weight, all biochemical parameters and histopathological elevation. Conclusion: Thus, it could be concluded that flavoured beverage containing BJP encapsulated by conjugate is of acceptable quality and high antioxidant activity. Also, it has a remarkable protective effect against acute hepatotoxicity.

Functional food or medicinal food is any healthy food claimed to have a health-promoting or disease-preventing property beyond the basic function of supplying nutrients. Three nutritional preparations including wheat powder salt solution (WPSS), milk-wheat solution (MWS), fermented milk (FM) and fermented soymilk (FSM) were evaluated for their anti-diarrheal activity by oral administration in model of Castor oil induced diarrhea in rats. Oral rehydration solution (ORS) was used as positive control. The fermented products were prepared using a mixture of Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356: and Bifidobacterium bifidum ATCC 700541 (1:1 v/v) to obtain a final level of 10^7-8 CFU/ml after incubation at 37°C. Beside the gain body weight (BW), certain biochemical parameters such as total protein, albumin, globulin, urea, creatinine, alanine amino-transferase (ALT), aspartate amino-transferase (AST), sodium, potassium, magnesium, iron and phosphorus were determined.

According to follow the diarrheal symptoms including stool frequency, stool characteristics and BW, rats administrated with FSM were recovered from diarrhea (on the 3^rd day) faster than other groups followed by those subjected with FM and CY. The ORS-positive control group rats were recovered on the 6^th day, while diarrheal symptoms still appeared on the negative control rats (subjected with basal diet only; without ORS) with 16% death rate. Minerals, especially sodium, potassium, magnesium and phosphorus, were the most significant biochemical parameters for following recovery from diarrhea. The normal levels of these minerals were recovered in the blood serum at the end of experiment in rats administrated with the fermented products (FSM, FM and CY). Some renal functional parameters were suggested to follow diarrhea, but all studied liver functional parameters were not significantly recommended.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of supplementation with different sources of protein; casein, soy protein concentrate(SPC) and chickpea protein concentrate(CPC) on whole body, skeletal muscle mass and composition in male albino rats after resistance exercise training. Three groups of male albino rats were fed on basal diet contains each of one of the three above protein sources(25%) in addition to glucose (20%) all rats swam for 60min / d for 30 days. Changes in body weight and serum biochemical analyses including glucose, protein, albumin and globulin were determined at each time interval 10,20 and 30 days during the experimental period. At the end of experiment muscle mass and composition including protein and glycogen were determined. The results showed that the highest body weight gain was found in casein group followed by SPC group then CPC group , serum biochemical parameters showed non significant changes in glucose among all groups, also non significant changes in serum protein and globulin were found in between the vegetable protein sources SPC and CPC groups which showed significant increase in both parameters compared to casein group. The highest value of the relative muscles weight was found in casein group followed by SPC group then CPC group, the same trend was found in the content of muscle protein, on the other hand, depletion of glycogen was at the highest value in SPC group followed by CPC group while casein comment at the least value. In conclusion we can say that the three protein sources can be used in production of supplemented diet for athletes to prevent deficiencies, increase physical strength and enhancing performance, casein as animal protein was effective followed by soy protein concentration then chickpea concentrate, vegetable sources of protein was more effective in depletion of glycogen in muscles than casein.