Background. In reproductive women, transplant disturbs the menstrual cycle pattern. The two major conditions usually encountered are amenorrhea and menorrhagia.The objective of the study was to assess the pattern of menstrual cycle after kidney transplant in reproductive women.Materials and methods. This cross-sectional study was carried out in a public sector hospital of Karachi, Pakistan. A total 69 patients of reproductive age were included who underwent living kidney donor transplant for more than a year ago. Women having genital tract infection, using hormonal treatment, organic cause of genital tract, clotting disorder and severe cardiac and/ or peripheral vascular disease were excluded. Frequency and percentages were calculated for demographic characteristics. Correlation and association analysis was calculated for type of menstruation with menstrual cycle pattern. A P-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results. Majority of female included in the study aged between 35–39 years (36, 52.2%). The most frequent menstrual disturbance observed was heavy menstrual bleeding (22, 31.9%) and amenorrhea (21, 30.4%). Only 2.9% cases showed normal menstrual pattern. The cross tabulation indicated that 26.1% patients had amenorrhea, 24.6% had oligomenorrhea and 31.9% had menorrhagia. The Durbin–Watson value of 0.656 indicated a strong positive relationship between menstruation cycle pattern (dependent variable) and type of menstruation, marital status, donor’s age, children and living location of the patients (independent variables).Conclusion. From the result of the present study, it is concluded that the reproductive age women have shown a disturbed pattern of menstrual cycle after kidney transplant. The major observation was that such patients reported amenorrhea, menorrhagia, oligomenorrhea and hypomenorrhea.

Aims: Researchers found a wide range of therapeutic properties in Spirulina sp. including as anti-cholesterol or antihyperlipidemic agent. In this study, the lipid levels of domestic F. catus were induced in order to scrutinize the antihyperlipidemic effects of local S. platensis LUQS1 strain, specifically at concentrations of 0.5 g/day and 1.0 g/day. Methodology and results: Elevation of serum lipid levels viz. total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and triglycerides (TG) as well as the status of kidney [creatinine (Cr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN)] were observed in four groups of F. catus for 45 days. The highest levels for TC, LDL and TG (P<0.05) were recorded in high cholesterol diet group (CD) at day 45 with 291.67±2.87 mg•dL-1 , 111.60±9.73 mg•dL-1 and 146.33±10.44 mg•dL-1 , respectively. HDL levels in Spirulina-treated groups (CA and CAA) were better than normolipidemic group (control, SD group), of which the maximum levels were displayed at day 30 specifically 72.87±6.08 mg•dL-1 by cats-fed with high cholesterol diet treated with 0.5 g/day S. platensis LUQS1 (CA group). There were insignificant differences (P>0.05) in the BUN levels; however, the Cr levels in CAA group (day 30 and 45) were slightly out of normal range but did not classify under chronic condition. Conclusion, significance and impact of the study: Alternative treatments on hyperlipidemic cats were rarely reported by researchers and medicinal practitioners. Thus, the findings of this present study provided a genuine knowledge concerning the lipid-lowering effect of S. platensis LUQS1 on the hyperlipidemic cats.