The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been developed in the last three decades. Discover an effective solution is necessary to manage and prevent this disease. Physical activity and exercise training is an effective way for metabolic syndrome risk factors in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. However, there are some uncertainties in effects of Circuit Resistance Training (CRT) program on patients T2DM. The purpose of this study is to investigation the effect of 8 weeks of Circuit resistance training (CRT) on metabolic syndrome and body composition in women over age 50 with T2DM.Twenty women over 50 years old with diabetes Referred to diabetes Center of 17 Shahrivar hospital in Amol and they were divided randomly into two groups; Circuit resistance (n=10) and Control (n=10). Resistance training consisted of 10 stations for 8 weeks and 3 sessions per week (Intensity 60-80% 1RM). Levels of Lipid profile and body composition before and after eight weeks training in both groups were measured. Statistical analysis of the data was carried out by SPSS (v. 22).Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS) levels (P=0.021), Triglycerides (0.010), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (0.042), significant decreased in CRT. Also after 8 weeks circuit resistance training, BMI (P= 0.003), WHR (P=0.004) and body fat present (0.019) significant decreased in CRT.According to our results, CRT was an effective approach to improve the Anthropometrics, FBS, lipid profile in women over age 50 with diabetes mellitus type 2. Moreover, CRT did have influence on LDL level.

To investigate the molecular basis of the calcium channel block by diltiazem, we transferred amino acids of the highly sensitive and stereoselective L-type (␣ 1S or ␣ 1C ) to a weakly sensitive, nonstereoselective class A (␣ 1A ) calcium channel. Transfer of three amino acids of transmembrane segment IVS6 of L-type ␣ 1 into the ␣ 1A subunit (I1804Y, S1808A, and M1811I) was sufficient to support a use-dependent block by diltiazem and by the phenylalkylamine (؊)-gallopamil after expression in Xenopus oocytes. An additional mutation F1805M increased the sensitivity for (؊)-gallopamil but not for diltiazem. Our data suggest that the receptor domains for diltiazem and gallopamil have common but not identical molecular determinants in transmembrane segment IVS6. These mutations also identified single amino acid residues in segment IVS6 that are important for class A channel inactivation.L-type calcium (Ca 2ϩ ) channels (classes C (formed by ␣ 1C subunits), D (␣ 1D ), and S (␣ 1S )) possess high affinity stereoselective drug receptors for Ca 2ϩ antagonists such as 1,4-dihydropyridines (DHPs), 1 phenylalkylamines (PAAs), and benzothiazepines (BTZs) (reviewed in Refs. 1-5) located on their pore-forming ␣ 1 channel subunit (6). Classes A (␣ 1A ), B (␣ 1B ), and E (␣ 1E ) Ca 2ϩ channels are insensitive for DHPs (2, 5, 7-9) and only weakly sensitive for . Essential parts of the high affinity binding sites for DHPs and PAAs on L-type Ca 2ϩ channels have been identified by replacing sequence stretches in ␣ 1C or ␣ 1S subunits by corresponding non-L-type sequences (8, 13) or by mutating single amino acids in these subunits (10, 13). Alternatively, molecular determinants of the high affinity DHP and PAA receptor sites could be localized in pore-lining regions of repeats III and/or IV by transferring L-type ␣ 1 sequences into the ␣ 1A subunit (9, 12). Transfer of segment IVS6 from ␣ 1S to ␣ 1A enhanced PAA sensitivity of the resulting ␣ 1A /␣ 1S chimera to the level of L-type ␣ 1 subunits (12).The efficacy of the BTZ diltiazem as an antiarrhythmic and antihypertensive drug is due to its voltage-and use-dependent block of L-type Ca 2ϩ channels (14). Studies on cloned ␣ 1 subunits of different Ca 2ϩ channel classes (C, B, A, and E) have enabled a more precise characterization of their pharmacological features (15). To identify the molecular determinants of the high affinity BTZ interaction domain of L-type Ca 2ϩ channels, we introduced corresponding L-type sequence stretches into ␣ 1A . The diltiazem sensitivity of the resulting ␣ 1 chimeras was measured as use-dependent barium current (I Ba ) block after coexpression with ␤ 1a (16) and ␣ 2 /␦ (17) in Xenopus oocytes. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURESMolecular Biology-The construction of L-type chimera Lh (repeats I-IV from ␣ 1C-a (18)) with the N terminus replaced with ␣ 1S (19), as well as construction of chimeras AL12h and AL22, were described previously (9, 12). Chimera AL20 was generated by replacing the ClaI (nucleotide position, 4925)-XbaI (3Ј-polylinker) fragment of AL9 (9) by ...

OBJECTIVE -To evaluate the atherogenicity of lipids in coronary patients with normal fasting glucose (NFG), impaired fasting glucose (IFG), and type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS -Serum lipid values, the presence of angiographic coronary artery disease (CAD) at baseline, and the incidence of vascular events over 2.3 years were recorded in 750 consecutive patients undergoing coronary angiography.RESULTS -Triglycerides significantly (P Ͻ 0.001) increased and HDL cholesterol (P Ͻ 0.001) as well as LDL particle diameter (P Ͻ 0.001) significantly decreased from subjects with NFG Ͻ5.6 mmol/l (n ϭ 272) over patients with IFG Ն5.6 mmol/l (n ϭ 314) to patients with type 2 diabetes (n ϭ 164). Factor analysis revealed two factors in the lipid profiles of our patients: triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, apolipoprotein A1, and LDL particle diameter loaded high on an HDL-related factor, and total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B loaded high on an LDL-related factor. In patients with type 2 diabetes, the HDL-related factor (odds ratio 0.648 [95% CI 0.464 -0.904]; P ϭ 0.011), but not the LDL-related factor (0.921 [0.677-1.251]; P ϭ 0.597), was associated with significant coronary stenoses Ն50%. Consistently, in the prospective study, the HDL-related factor (0.708 [0.506 -0.990]; P ϭ 0.044), but not the LDL-related factor (1.362 [0.985-1.883]; P ϭ 0.061), proved significantly predictive for vascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes. CONCLUSIONS -The low HDL cholesterol/high triglyceride pattern is associated with the degree of hyperglycemia. In coronary patients with type 2 diabetes, this pattern correlates with the prevalence of CAD and significantly predicts the incidence of vascular events. Diabetes Care 28:108 -114, 2005E pidemiologic data from the Framingham Study (1) and the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (2) indicate that the risk for cardiovascular death is increased two-to threefold in type 2 diabetic individuals. Moreover, after a first myocardial infarction, cardiovascular morbidity and mortality are increased in patients with diabetes compared with nondiabetic patients (3). In the U.K. Prospective Diabetes Study, protocols targeted to optimize glycemic (4) or blood pressure control (5) failed to significantly reduce the incidence of myocardial infarction. Therefore, and because in the U.K. Prospective Diabetes Study plasma levels of LDL cholesterol and low levels of HDL cholesterol were strong predictors of myocardial infarction (6), the main interest for risk intervention now focuses on lipids. However, it is still not clear which lipoprotein abnormality predominantly endangers diabetic patients.Typically, patients with type 2 diabetes are characterized by hypertriglyceridemia and low HDL cholesterol levels (7), whereas levels of LDL cholesterol have been reported to be normal (7), higher (8) or lower (9) than those in nondiabetic control subjects. Moreover, compositional changes of lipoproteins have been demonstrated: both LDL and HDL are smaller and denser than average (10)...