No abstract

Acinetobacter spp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are common pathogens of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). The presentation and outcome of VAP due to Acinetobacter spp. and P. aeruginosa susceptible to carbapenems (Carb-S; imipenem and/or meropenem) and to colistin only (Col-S) were compared in the present retrospective study in three intensive care units.A total of 61 episodes of VAP caused by Acinetobacter spp. or P. aeruginosa were studied, of which 30 isolates were Carb-S and 31 were Col-S.Demographics, worsening of renal function and mortality were not different. The univariate analysis showed that a later onset and a previous episode of VAP, prior antimicrobial therapy for .10 days and previous therapy with carbapenems during the present admission were more frequent in patients with Col-S strains. On multivariate analysis, prior antimicrobial therapy for .10 days and a previous episode of VAP remained significantly associated with Col-S VAP. Approximately 41% of the infections caused by Col-S isolates, but none of those due to Carb-S isolates, had received prior carbapenem therapy.Colistin-susceptible ventilator-associated pneumonia episodes can be effectively treated using colistin without significant renal dysfunction. This susceptibility pattern could be suspected in patients with a previous ventilator-associated pneumonia episode or prior antibiotic therapy for .10 days preceding the present ventilator-associated pneumonia episode.

There is clinical evidence suggesting that glucocorticoids may be useful in severe pneumonia, but the pathogenic mechanisms explaining these beneficial effects are unknown.The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of adding glucocorticoids to antibiotic treatment in an experimental model of severe pneumonia.In total, 15 Lagerwhite-Landrace piglets were ventilated for 96 h. After intubation, a 75 mL solution containing Pseudomonas aeruginosa (10 6 cfu?mL -1 ) was bronchoscopically inoculated.The animals were randomised into three groups 12 h after inoculation: 1) untreated; 2) treated with ciprofloxacin; and 3) treated with ciprofloxacin plus methylprednisolone. Physiological and laboratory parameters were monitored throughout the study. Pro-inflammatory cytokines were measured in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). Histopathology of the lungs and cultures from blood, BAL and lungs were performed. At the end of the study, piglets receiving the antibiotic plus glucocorticoids showed: 1) a decrease in the concentration of interleukin-6 in BAL; and 2) a decrease in the global bacterial burden both in BAL and lung tissue.In conclusion, in this experimental model of pneumonia, the association of glucocorticoids with antibiotics attenuates local inflammatory response and decreases bacterial burden in the lung.

An abnormal inflammatory response (IR) in pneumonia is associated with poor outcomes and high mortality. Animal models could help to better understand the relationship between the pulmonary infection and the associated IR. The aims of the present study were to validate an experimental model of pneumonia induced by the inoculation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in ventilated piglets and to study the associated IR over a long period of time (96 h).Five Lagerwhite-Landrace piglets were ventilated for 4 days. After intubation, a solution containing 75 mL of P. aeruginosa (10 6 colony-forming units?mL) was bronchoscopically inoculated. Physiological and laboratory parameters were monitored throughout the study. Proinflammatory cytokines were measured in serum and in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). Histopathology of the lungs and cultures from blood, BAL and lungs were performed.All the animals developed histopathological evidence of pneumonia. Microbiological studies of both BAL and lung confirmed the presence of P. aeruginosa in all the samples. Throughout the study, an increase in interleukin-6 was observed in serum and in BAL.In conclusion, the experimental model of pneumonia induced by the inoculation of high concentrations of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in ventilated piglets is feasible and could be appropriate for the evaluation of different aspects of the associated inflammatory response.