No abstract

This paper describes the evaporative system used to cool the silicon detector structures of the inner detector sub-detectors of the ATLAS experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. The motivation for an evaporative system, its design and construction are discussed. In detail the particular requirements of the ATLAS inner detector, technical choices and the qualification and manufacture of final components are addressed. Finally results of initial operational tests are reported. Although the entire system described, the paper focuses on the on-detector aspects. Details of the evaporative cooling plant will be discussed elsewhere.

No abstract

Oriented single-crystalline thin films of NiO and Fe304, and Fe304/NiO superlattices have been grown on cleaved and polished substrates of MgO(001), using oxygen-plasma-assisted molecular-beam epitaxy. We report the growth mode and structural characterization of the grown films using in situ reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) and ex situ scanning electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction. The (001) surface of MgO provides an excellent template for the pseudomorphic growth of these thin films and superlattices, for it has a very small lattice mismatch (0.3-0.9%) to the cubic rocksalt structure of Ni0 and to the half unit-cell dimension of the spinel structure of Fe304. Superlattices consisting of alternating layers of NiO and Fe304 have been grown with a repeat wavelength down to 20 0 A (approximately one Fe304 unit cell plus two NiO unit cells) thick. These superlattices exhibit strong crystalline ordering and sharp interface formation. RHEED pattern evolution in situ during growth indicates formation of the rocksalt NiO crystalline symmetry and then the spinel Fe304 crystalline symmetry in a periodic sequence as each material is being deposited. Our data indicate single-phase crystal growth in registry with the substrate, with films of overall cubic symmetry. Strain in the grown films exhibits interesting effects that clearly do not follow a simple elastic model.