We report a case of fatal mesenteric artery thrombosis following laparoscopic cholecystectomy in a 60-year-old hypertensive woman, whose preoperative complaints were not typical of calculous biliary disease. Two previous case reports have associated laparoscopic cholecystectomy and acute intestinal ischemia; one of these patients died. Experimental and clinical data indicate that carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum reduces splanchnic blood flow through several mechanical and physiologic mechanisms. Consequently, we believe that, when laparoscopic surgery is contemplated, physicians and patients should be aware of the risk of splanchnic vessel thrombosis, especially when certain pre-existing conditions are present (e.g., impairment of splanchnic vessel flow, hypercoagulable states, etc.). For such high-risk patients, especially when the planned laparoscopic procedure may be lengthy, gasless or low-pressure laparoscopic surgery, or even reversion to traditional open surgery should be considered.