In this paper, a methodology for the optimal management of a combined irrigation and water supply system based on model predictive control (MPC) is proposed. A controloriented modelling methodology for this type of systems is presented as well. MPC is used to generate flow control strategies from the sources to the consumer and irrigation areas to meet future demands with appropriate flows, optimizing operational goals such as network safety volumes in dams and flow control stability in actuators (valves, gates and pumps). The case study of Guadiana river is used to exemplify and verify the proposed optimal management methodology. Results have shown the effectiveness of the proposed modelling and control methodologies.

This paper presents a methodology for the optimal management of water and energy in irrigation systems. A two-layer management scheme is proposed. In the upper layer, an optimal control strategy is used to plan how to serve the demanded water within a prediction horizon of five days ahead in order to minimize electricity costs associated to pumping satisfying the physical limitations of the pipes. At the lower layer, a scheduling algorithm decides how to schedule the different pumps of the pumping stations in order to supply the desired flow with the maximum efficiency and minimum cost. A part of the Bardenas irrigation system in Spain is used as the case study to illustrate the proposed approach.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

Abstract A healthy environment must have air free of pollution, but this issue has always existed and now affects the entire population. The PM2.5 particulate matter, which primarily originates from the car fleet, is one of the pollutants that has the biggest impact. With the energy crisis in the 1970s and the ensuing construction of closed buildings (without natural ventilation), primarily in developed countries, indoor air quality emerged as a science. It then gained importance when it was found that the declining ventilation levels in those nations were largely to blame for the rising concentrations of pollutants in indoor air. The occupants of buildings themselves make a considerable contribution to the pollution of these settings through their activities, and it is well acknowledged that poor ventilation is one of the most critical factors affecting indoor air quality. Sick building syndrome and poor indoor air quality are both connected to ailments like colds, allergies, and coughing. The application of special legislation must be integrated with research and education of building occupants to effectively provide a healthy environment. The goal of this review is to analyze various findings from investigations on the effects of PM2.5 particulate matter pollution on the internal and exterior urban environment, as well as the effects of these concentrations on human health. By comparing the findings with other studies, it is possible to compare the findings and identify some common behaviors of fine particles, determining the concentration differences in the environments and showing how different sources and conditions can produce different variations in concentrations.

Abstract A healthy environment must have air free of pollution, but this issue has always existed and now affects the entire population. The PM2.5 particulate matter, which primarily originates from the car fleet, is one of the pollutants that has the biggest impact. With the energy crisis in the 1970s and the ensuing construction of closed buildings (without natural ventilation), primarily in developed countries, indoor air quality emerged as a science. It then gained importance when it was found that the declining ventilation levels in those nations were largely to blame for the rising concentrations of pollutants in indoor air. The occupants of buildings themselves make a considerable contribution to the pollution of these settings through their activities, and it is well acknowledged that poor ventilation is one of the most critical factors affecting indoor air quality. Sick building syndrome and poor indoor air quality are both connected to ailments like colds, allergies, and coughing. The application of special legislation must be integrated with research and education of building occupants to effectively provide a healthy environment. The goal of this review is to analyze various findings from investigations on the effects of PM2.5 particulate matter pollution on the internal and exterior urban environment, as well as the effects of these concentrations on human health. By comparing the findings with other studies, it is possible to compare the findings and identify some common behaviors of fine particles, determining the concentration differences in the environments and showing how different sources and conditions can produce different variations in concentrations.