Fluid imaging technologies are used in a wide range of E&P applications. Among geophysical methods, electromagnetics (EM) determines subsurface resistivities and thus responds to fluid changes. On the path to zero carbon footprint, the most significant potential for EM lies in monitoring geothermal, carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS), and enhancing oil recovery (EOR). To optimize reservoir fluid monitoring, we calibrate surface measurements to well logs resulting in a 3D anisotropic model consistent with borehole data. This is done before and after depletion or injection to estimate a time-lapse reservoir response. As part of a carbon capture and storage project, we carried out baseline measurements and validated the surface EM data to the 3D anisotropic borehole model. The monitoring workflow for this project can easily be adapted for other applications to support the energy transition. From this, we learned that measurement accuracy requirements higher than 1 % because we are often imaging small anomalies. While there are always limits in acquisition set by industrial noise, we derived two ways of increasing the anomaly. One is by using, similar to a borehole focused logs, focusing methods in the acquisition setup. This is still subject to measurement accuracy limitations and limited to electric fields only. Another way is to add borehole sensors that increase the sensitivity by around a factor of 10. While shallow (around 50 m) is sufficient, they can be extended to deeper borehole sensors, bringing the measurements close to the anomaly and is thus the preferred approach. This, in combination with calibration back to the 3D anisotropic borehole log allows you to certify the data for its information content. This will give you quantifiable ways to derive risk values and significantly reduce acquisition and monitoring operations cost.

Over the last 6 years we developed an array system for electromagnetic acquisition (magnetotelluric & long offset transient electromagnetics [LOTEM]) that includes microseismic acquisition. While the system is being used in many countries for magnetotellurics, we focus here on the autonomous operation as reservoir monitoring system including a shallow borehole receiver and 100/150 KVA transmitter. Marine extension is also under development. For Enhanced Oil recovery, in addition to reservoir flood front movements, reservoir seal integrity has become an issue [1]. Seal integrity is best addressed with microseismics while the water flood front is best addressed with electromagnetics. Since the flooded reservoir is conductive and the hydrocarbon saturated part is resistive, you need both magnetic and electric fields. The fluid imaging is addressed using electromagnetics, and after careful 3D feasibility and noise tests, we selected Controlled Source Electromagnetics (CSEM) in the time domain as the most sensitive method [2,3]. From the 3D modeling, we derived a key requirement that borehole and surface data needed to be integrated by measuring between surface to borehole and calibrated using conventional logs including anisotropy. This would significantly reduce the risk [4,5,6]. To overcome the volume-focus inherent to electromagnetics we added a new methodology to focus the sensitivity under the receiver. The same can be achieved using a shallow borehole system that includes microseismic, 3C magnetics and 3C electrical measurements. Field data and 3D modeling confirm this and as results this could increase the efficiency of applying LOTEM to exploration and reservoir monitoring problems.