Donno D., Beccaro G.L., Mellano M.G., Di Prima S., Cavicchioli M., Cerutti A.K., Bounous G. (2013): Setting a protocol for hazelnut roasting using sensory and colorimetric analysis: Influence of the roasting temperature on the quality Tonda Gentile delle Langhe cv. hazelnut. Czech J. Food Sci., 31: 390-400.The influence of roasting temperature on the final quality of Piedmont hazelnut (cultivar Tonda Gentile delle Langhe) was evaluated. Sensory and colorimetric analyses were performed to define a quality profile of the fruit relating to the roasting technique parameters. Sensory analysis was conducted on roasted kernels through a trained panel. The effects of the different temperatures on colour were evaluated with two different techniques, colorimeter and scanmarker (scanner), in order to define the best method to individuate correlations between roasting temperature and colorimetric results. The quality traits of nuts roasted at different temperatures were compared: the samples roasted at lower temperature showed lighter colour; the hue values were higher in the roasted chopped nuts, while the chroma was higher in the paste samples. For both paste and chopped kernels a larger range of values was found in comparison with the results given by the colorimeter. As for the sensory analysis, we found that "hazelnut odour" varied significantly among the samples: this descriptor is able to significantly differentiate between different samples. Our study showed that the modulation temperature is a very important parameter with a strong influence on the characteristic roasted flavour and colour of the product.Keywords: qualitative assessment; hazelnut paste; chopped kernels; colorimeter; panel testThe main purpose of roasting is to improve the flavour, the colour, and the crispy and crunchy texture of the product.The roasting process is very important to determine the characteristic roasted flavour and colour of the product: in particular, temperature modulation is an important independent variable significantly affecting the quality features of hazelnuts.This study was performed in order to determine the effect of roasting temperature modulation on the main quality attributes of roasted hazelnuts, in particular colour and final consumer perception.Hazelnuts are the kernels of the hazelnut (Corylus spp.) tree. All the different species of hazelnut trees produce edible nuts, but the common hazelnut (Corylus avellana) is the most extensively grown. Hazelnuts are one of the most nutritious nuts, with a protein content of about 12%. They are also a good source of energy, with a fat content of about 60%, and an excellent source of carbohydrates, half of which are dietary fibre. Hazelnuts also contain

This study aims to determine the effect of biochar from young coconut [Cocus nucifera L.] waste to improve the chemical properties of Ultisols and the growth of coffee [Coffea arabica] plant seeds. The research has been carried out at the Laboratory of Chemistry and Soil Fertility and Experimental wirehouse of the Faculty of Agriculture, Andalas University, Padang. This research used a Completely Randomized Design [CRD] with 3 replications. The formulation is biochar of young coconut waste/8 kg of soil ie: A = 0.0%; B = 0.5% [173 g]; C = 1.0% [348 g]; D = 1.5% [520 g]; and E = 2.0% [693 g]. The results of the utilization of young coconut waste as a source of biochar could improve the chemical properties of Ultisols. Addition 2% [693 g.8kg/lof soil] of biochar young coconut waste can increase pH and decrease Al and H-exch, so that increase available P, organic C and CEC by 1.70 ppm; 0.99% and 9.12 cmol[+].kg−1; compared to 0% of biochar. Application 1.5% [520g.8kg/lof soil] almost the same 2% of biochar young coconut waste to increase total N and exchangeable of the cation [K, Ca, and Mg]. Whereas addition up to 2% of biochar young coconut waste has not shown a significant increase in growth coffee [Coffee arabica L.] plant seed at the age of 3 months [12 after week planting].

This research was aimed to study the effect of dolomite on chemical properties of peat soil and as well as on growth and yield of onion. The research was in form of pot experiment having 5 treatments (0 ton dolomite Ha-1 ; 2.5 ton dolomite Ha-1 ; 5 ton dolomite Ha-1 ; 7.5 ton dolomite Ha-1 ; 10 ton dolomite Ha-1) and 3 replications which were allocated in Completely Randomized Design. Parameters analyzed were pH H2O, available sulphur, available phosphorus, CEC, and exchangeable cations, as well plant height, plant dry weight, sulphur uptake, and diameter of tubers. Data resulted were analyzed the variance using F-test at 5% level of significance and then it was continued using Duncan New’s Multiple Range Test (DNMRT) at 5% level if F-test > F-table. The results showed that 10 ton dolomite Ha-1was the optimum dose to improve chemical characteristics of peat soils. It increased pH H2O by 1.16 unit, sulphur uptake by 0.005 %, available phosphorus by 5.7 ppm, CEC by 9.67 Cmol Kg-1 and exchangeable K by 0.09 Cmol Kg-1, Mg by 0.19 Cmol Kg-1, Ca by 0.31 Cmol Kg-1 compared to soil without treatment ( 0 ton Ha-1 ). It also increased production of onion, especially plant height by 22.63 cm, plant fresh weight by 43.14 g and dry weight by 2.89 g, tuber fresh weight by 21.92 g, and dry weight by 2.89 g, sulphur uptake by 0.03 %, and diameter of tubers from none to be 2.00 cm compared to soil without treatment.Key words : dolomite, peat soils, onion, soil chemical characteristics

Soil carbon is very important in food security, ecosystems, and environmental health, especially in the context of global climate change. This study was to determine the effect of carbon sequestration from bamboo biochar on increasing the productivity of marginal soils in the second planting season planted with soybean [Glycine max L.]. This study used a completely randomized design with 3 replications in 5 treatments: A = 0.0% [0g pot−1] B = 0.5% [173g pot−1]; C = 1.0% [348g pot−1]; D = 1.5% [520g pot−1] and E = 2.0 [693g pot−1] of bamboo biochar. The results showed that carbon sequestration from bamboo biochar had a significant effect on the chemical properties of Ultisols, such as increasing pH, available P, organic C, total N, CEC, and Ca-exch and could reduce Al-exch, by 0.90 units, 2.50 ppm P, 1.12% C, 0.13% N, 5.48; 1.79 and 0.88 cmolckg−1, compared to controls and increase in soybean growth and NPK nutrient uptake in stems and leaves [3.57g N, 2.61g P, 4.64g K], also in roots [0.93g N, 1.03g P, 0.94g K], compared to controls. Carbon sequestration from bamboo biochar with 2% application can increase the productivity of marginal soil [Ultisols] and soybean [Glycine max L.].

This research was conducted in soil chemical laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Andalas University, Indonesia from December 2016 until May 2017. The purpose of this research is to determine the level of activeness of powder of Sub-bituminous coal with Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) and to determine the appropriate dosage of the mixture in improving the chemical properties of Ultisols. This research was conducted in 2 stages: first stage study with 10 treatments (1% to 10% (w/w) NaOH) and the second stage study on soil using 15 treatment combinations (3 doses of powder Sub-bituminous coal with 5 doses of NaOH). The results of the first stage of research are the addition of NaOH in Sub-bituminous could increase the activity of powder Sub-bituminous coal with parameters of pH, CEC, and increases the number of O-H, C=O, and CH 3 groups. The results of stage II study is the provision of a mixture of 20 ton.ha -1 of Sub-bituminous coal powder and 10% of NaOH were able to increases the pH of H 2 O, CEC, organic-C, Available-P, and Total-N Ultisol each of 1.49 units, 28.08 me.100g -1 , 1.63 % C, 2.37 ppm P, 0.06% N, and decreases Al-exch Ultisol by 1.17 me.100g -1 and , SAR Ultisol by 0.03, and ESP Ultisols by 0.82 % compared to natural soil.