PdxCe1-xO2-x-δ solid solutions, which are highly efficient catalysts for the low-temperature oxidation of carbon monoxide, were examined using a set of structural (XRD-PDF, HRTEM, XRD) and spectral (XPS, Raman spectroscopy) methods in combination with quantum-chemical calculations. A comparison of the experimental results and pair distribution function (PDF) modeling data enabled reliable verification of the model of non-isomorphic substitution of Ce(4+) ions by Pd(2+) ions in PdxCe1-xO2-x-δ solid solutions. Palladium ions were shown to be in a near square planar environment with C4v symmetry, which is typical for Pd(2+) ions. Such a near square planar environment was revealed by Raman spectroscopy due to the appearance of the band at ω = 187 cm(-1), which corresponds to the A1 vibrational mode of Pd(2+) ions in [PdO4] subunits. The binding energy of Pd3d5/2 (Eb(Pd3d5/2)) for the Pd(2+) ion in the CeO2 lattice is 1 eV higher than that of Eb(Pd3d5/2) for PdO oxide due to a decrease in the Pd-O distances and the formation of more ionic bonds because of the displacement of Pd(2+) ions with respect to the position of Ce(4+) ions in the fluorite structure. Five structural models of solid solutions are considered in this work. As demonstrated by the DFT calculations, the most realistic model is based on the displacement of palladium ions leading to a near square planar PdO4 environment, which includes water molecules stabilizing the region of anion vacancies in their dissociated state as two hydroxyl groups. The introduction of water molecules in the composition of the PdxCe1-xO2-x-δ solution leads to a decrease in the formation energy and to additional stabilization of palladium in the CeO2 matrix. The formation of PdxCe1-xO2-x-δ solid solutions is accompanied by the dispersing effect caused by distortions of the fluorite structure induced by Pd(2+) ions. The coprecipitation method, which allows Pd(2+) ions to be introduced at the stage of fluorite structure formation, was demonstrated to be the optimal method for the synthesis of a homogeneous PdxCe1-xO2-x-δ solid solution.

Using infrared (IR) spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, interaction of CO with the strongest known pure Brønsted carborane superacids, H(CHB11Hal11) (Hal = F, Cl), was studied. CO readily interacted at room temperature with H(CHB11F11) acid, forming a mixture of bulk salts of formyl and isoformyl cations, which were in equilibrium An(-)H(+)CO COH(+)An(-). The bonding of CO to the surface Brønsted centers of the weaker acid, H(CHB11Cl11), resulted in breaking of the bridged H-bonds of the acid polymers without proton transfer (PT) to CO. The binding occurred via the C atom (blue shift ΔνCO up to +155-167 cm(-1), without PT) or via O atom (red shift ΔνCO up to -110 cm(-1), without PT) always simultaneously, regardless of whether H(+) is transferred to CO. IR spectra of all species were interpreted by B3LYP/cc-pVQZ calculations of the simple models, which adequately mimic the ability of carborane acids to form LH(+)CO, LH(+)CO, COH(+)L, and COH(+)L compounds (L = bases). The CO bond in all compounds was triple. Acidic strength of the Brønsted centers of commonly used acid catalysts, even so-called superacidic catalysts, is not sufficient for the formation of the compounds studied.

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