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Pulicaria undulata is used as antiinflammatory plant in Saudi Arabia and Egypt. We used gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for analysis of essential oil of this plant growing wild in Egypt and 64 compounds were identified. The oil was rich in oxygenated monoterpenes (64.0%) and aromatic derivatives (18.8%). The major components were carvacrol (46.5%), xanthoxylin (18.1%) and carvotanacetone (8.7%). The oil of the Egyptian plant showed significant differences from the oil results reported on this species derived from different accessions. Antioxidant activity was performed by FRAP, DPPH and ABTS assays, and the oil demonstrated a powerful antioxidant properties. Furthermore, cytotoxic activity was assessed using MTT assay against three cell lines (A375, T98G, HCT116) and the oil showed moderate results with IC 50 of 18.53, 40.64 and 22.23 μg/ml; respectively. Anti-acetylcholinesterase activity was examined using Ellman method and the oil showed noteworthy values (IC 50 = 139.2  2 μg/ml).

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The major pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) of Echium setosum and Echium vulgare were isolated and characterized as echimidine and a tigloyl isomer of echimidine. 3‘-Acetylechimidine was identified in E. vulgare as a major new PA on the basis of MS and 1H and 13C NMR. Sixteen further alkaloids were recorded by GLC−MS in the reduced alkaloid extracts.