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In modern society, methods of identification of persons on the basis of their physical, biological or behavioral characteristics are actively developing. European countries are in the process of developing a holistic doctrine on biometric control and are clarifying their position on situations where biometric data are used by individuals.From the position of information law, the paper presents a new author’s approach to the problem of processing biometric data and genetic information. The division of biometrics into “trace” and “non-trace” is losing its meaning. A new classification of biometrics into digital and analog is proposed.Biometric access control should not become a routine phenomenon in the framework of the organization of the company and without any reason to replace other existing types of control. The interested person can be entrusted with the storage of their own biometric data to reduce the risks of leakage and the consequences of exposure to them. Biometric data must be stored on the company’s servers in encrypted form, which makes it impossible to use them without the consent of the person concerned.Biometric data should be protected by a special legal regime. The analysis of the European and Russian legislation made it possible to draw the following conclusions: biometric data is a special type of personal data, a special legal regime and regulation should be established; digital biometrics needs special legal regulation, since it is the most vulnerable type; genetic information does not fully correspond to the concept of personal data, as it can relate to an unlimited number of persons. This determines the need to develop a special law “on genetic information”.

The analysis of the European and Russian legislation and documents of international organizations made it possible to draw the following conclusions. The uniqueness of genetic data is determined by the following characteristics. These data are relatively static, do not develop by themselves during life. They are in principle unchanged, since it is impossible to simultaneously modify all identical genes present in all cells of the same organism. They can be invariant with respect to their carrier, going beyond the individual carrier through transmission from generation to generation. The subject can be identified using various identifiers specific to the subject’s physiological, genetic, psychological, cultural, or social identity, such as biometric data such as facial image, fingerprints, iris, venous palm pattern, genetic markers, and "digital" footprints. The legal regime of secrecy can be applied to genetic information by analogy, taking into account the specifics of the source of origin of genetic information and special rules for its processing. However, existing restricted access information regimes do not take into account the specifics of genetic data. The difference between genetic information and other personal data and medical secrecy protected in the regimes is that other family members — blood relatives or a spouse may be interested in it, in addition to the information carrier itself, which is not taken into account in the current Russian legislation. Special mechanisms for the legal protection of genetic information should be introduced, which should be enshrined in a special law "On genetic information".

Аннотация. В статье исследуются проблемы защиты генетических данных с позиций информационного права. Методологической основой работы выступают системный подход, методы анализа и синтеза, сравнительного правоведения. В работе генетическая информация рассмотрена как конфиденциальная информация о здоровье, как объект генетики популяций и как биометрические данные. Проведенный анализ позволил сделать вывод о том, что защита генетической информация требует введения особых механизмов правовой защиты -режима строго контролируемого использования. Генетические данные могут использоваться в двух основных направлениях: для изучения особенностей отдельных лиц в результате анализа их генетических данных; для идентификации лиц по их генетическим отпечаткам. Генетический анализ характеристик лица может проводиться только в медицинских или научных целях. Согласие лица должно быть получено до проведения исследования. Российское законодательство требует уточнения в отношении формы и срока действия такого согласия. Анализ отпечатков ДНК в области гражданского судопроизводства может осуществляться только по требованию суда и с согласия заинтересованного лица. Запрет на «дискриминацию» по признаку состояния здоровья, в том числе запрет принимать во внимание результаты генетических тестов, предсказывающих еще не выявленное заболевание или генетическую предрасположенность к заболеванию, можно рассматривать как общий запрет на использование «прогностических» генетических тестов в экономических и социальных целях.