El objetivo principal de esta revisión sistemática es analizar la cultura tributaria desde la perspectiva de la gestión pública, identificar información relevante para sintetizar los factores clave que optimizan la cultura tributaria en el Perú en los últimos 5 años. Aplicando una metodología de enfoque cualitativo y diseño de revisión sistemática, colocando 40 artículos científicos en los buscadores académicos ProQuest, Ebsco Hots y Google Scholar. Utilizando artículos indexados de los últimos 5 años como criterio de inclusión. Los resultados permitieron concluir que existen varios problemas que retrasan la recaudación de los recursos, entre ellos la evasión y elusión fiscal, obstáculo de gran magnitud que enfrenta la cultura tributaria, generando una pérdida de ingresos tributarios y con ello afectando la recaudación tributaria, dificultando la principal objetivo del Estado, que es satisfacer las necesidades colectivas del país. Hoy, la lucha para combatirlos ha ido avanzando, pero aún existe y sigue siendo un tema central. Como recomendaciones se recomiendan campañas de concientización en escuelas, universidades y comunidades, así como capacitación a los empleados públicos.
Jurassic–Cretaceous ammonites are particularly robust fossil tools in global stratigraphy and correlation. The successive evolution and extinction of these cephalopod mollusks was so rapid that many ammonite zones are no more than one million years in duration. A well-preserved ammonite specimen from the Fortissimo-1 core, Browse Basin, NW Australia is assignable to the widespread latest Jurassic dimorphic berriaselline genus, Blanfordiceras Cossmann, recorded previously from the Spiti area, Nepal, Tibet, Madagascar, Papua-New Guinea, Antarctica, and southern South America. This is the first report of ammonites of this age in the Australian region. The evolute shell of an estimated 90-100 mm diameter (when extrapolated) and pronounced ornamentation of variably bifurcating, curvilinear and flexuous ribs, intercalated with simple, non-bifurcating ribs, is consistent with Blanfordiceras wallichi (Gray, 1832), which has traditionally been restricted to the uppermost Tithonian Stage, ca. 146.5-145.5 Ma, but may well have survived into the earliest part of the Berriasian. The first recorded occurrence of this ammonite in Australia fills an anomalous absence in the paleobiogeographic distribution of Jurassic–Cretaceous boundary ammonites in the Indo-SW Pacific Subrealm with important implications for the calibration of offshore rocks and wells in Australia.
The use of video games to gamify math classes has reached educational institutions with adequate political, economic and social conditions for educational achievement; and has massified them leading to results that increase in educational organizations of the public sector. However, this reality is different in contexts of vulnerability for schoolchildren, whose main problems are economic and social. In response, in this research we proposed to implement video games to develop mathematics in public schools of vulnerable contexts, we worked three stimulation experiments according to the mathematics component in which children participated: A) second (Candy Crush) = 47 (M) = 7.8 years); B) third (Asphalt 8 Airborne) = 43 (M = 9.7 years); and C) fourth (Plants & Zombies) = 49 (M = 8.8 years), the developed components were: A) numbering, B) mathematical reasoning and C) problem solving, respectively, the enactive, iconic diagnostic evaluation was used and symbolic, Precalculus Test and the Diagnostic Evaluation of Mathematics. In particular, we note in the results lower rates of increase in numbering scores, and higher in mathematical reasoning and problem solving; Although in experiment A we found lower rates of improvement, the Candy Crush game allowed us to develop enactive and iconic representation in second grade children. The videogame Asphalt 8 Airborne, made viable the cognitive reaction of the reasoning before the use of badges and scores, which allowed the students to develop skills to improve the practice of mathematical operations. Finally, the students who executed the game Plants & Zombies (experiment C) developed problems with greater complexity after the experiment, in turn evidenced the development of metacognition and flexibility to tackle tasks with high cognitive demand.
Los incidentes críticos son experiencias formativas de la identidad y profesionalización docente. En este estudio propusimos determinar la capacidad de abordaje de incidentes críticos entre docentes expertos y principiantes en contextos vulnerables, y describir el progreso de la convivencia escolar. El estudio fue ex-post facto de corte longitudinal (cuatro etapas). La muestra fue de 102 profesores de primaria de tres contextos vulnerables de Lima. Denominamos a la muestra por sus roles: 1) jefe de práctica, y 2) rol de practicante. Utilizamos guías, rúbricas y escalas de evaluación como instrumentos. Concluimos que los jefes de práctica que experimentaron incidentes críticos se adaptaron mejor a la convivencia desde el inicio del estudio, a diferencia de los practicantes, quienes se adaptaron en las últimas etapas de la investigación. Se identificó la categoría soledad docente o soledad pedagógica, según los conceptos que los participantes formularon. Esto lo atribuimos a la falta de monitoreo de los practicantes por profesionales externos a las escuelas en que ejercían su práctica formativa. Estas evidencias demuestran que el incidente crítico introduce a la práctica escolar, el método auto-formativo de la identidad y conciencia docente, mediante la reflexión de urgencia, aquella que traduce las debilidades del docente en sus fortalezas.
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