For decades anthropologists have discussed how and when the Americas were peopled. The prevailing view is that the first Paleoindians, ancestors of the Amerindians, arrived from Asia and Beringia to the American continent using a Pacific coastal route in pre-Clovis times. In this article skeletal remains dated 9000-4000 BP, excavated from archaeological sites in northern, central and southern Chile, were analyzed using geometric morphometric and ancient mtDNA techniques. Results indicate that the ancient cranial material from southwestern South America exhibit a wide range of cranial vault shape variation which is independent of chronology. mtDNA restriction and sequence analysis performed on the same skeletal remains, revealed only the presence of the main four founding mtDNA haplogroups (A, B, C and D) as early as 9,000 BP. Our results using morphometric and molecular mtDNA haplogroup data show that human populations inhabiting the Americas during archaic times can not be considered as belonging to two different groups on the basis of analyzed data. These results are consistent with those recently obtained using complete sequence mtDNA analyses.Key words: Paleoindian and archaic crania; geometric morphometrics; ancient mtDNA; peopling of America. Durante décadas los antropólogos han discutido cómo y cuándo América fue poblada. El punto de vista predominante al respecto plantea que los primeros paleoindios, población amerindia ancestral, llegó en una época pre-Clovis desde Asia y Beringia
La deformación intencional craneana tiene como consecuencia la alteración permanente de los atributos anatómicos externos del cráneo humano. Entre las poblaciones prehispánicas del extremo norte de Chile esta práctica se extendió por un lapso de cinco mil años. En algunos casos, la presencia en el cráneo de restos bioculturales impide la aplicación de las técnicas morfométricas normalmente utilizadas en cráneo seco. Con el fin de superar esta limitación y conocer el patrón de variación de la forma craneana de muestras representativas de las poblaciones prehispánicas de Arica, se obtuvieron radiografías laterales que fueron analizadas mediante morfometría geométrica. Los resultados del presente trabajo muestran que: (1) la variación de los componentes de la forma craneana depende de la magnitud y dirección con que se aplicaron y orientaron originalmente los aparatos deformadores sobre los ejes anatómicos mayores del cráneo, (2) la deformación intencional involucra a los hitos anatómicos del neurocráneo y de la cara y (3) el tipo de la deformación intencional sería independiente del período cronológico durante el cual se llevó a cabo esta práctica, sugiriendo la ocurrencia de una continuidad morfológica entre las poblaciones arqueológicas de la costa y valles de Arica. Se discuten las consecuencias de esta discrepancia con los resultados obtenidos al aplicar morfometría convencional, se constata la importancia del uso de las técnicas radiográficas y la morfometría geométrica para comprender las consecuencias morfológicas de la deformación intencional del cráneo, y se discuten las eventuales aplicaciones clínicas de este enfoque morfométrico en poblaciones actuales. Palabras claves: deformación intencional, Arica-Chile, morfometría geométrica, radiografía craneofacial. Intentional cranial deformation is a long lasting and worldwide form of permanent modification of the main human head distinctive anatomical attributes. In northern Chile it was extensively done during five thousand years by populations which inhabited the Coast and Valleys from Arica. In spite of the importance that the study of this practice has had in anthropological research, biocultural remains such as hear, mould and textils preclude the morphometric analyses commonly performed onto the clean skull. In order to avoid these limitations and to know the pattern of skull shape variation, geometric morphometric methods and craneofacial radiographic technics were applied on non deformed and intentionally deformed samples of Arica's archaeological populations. As a control sample radiographs obtained from modern Chileans were used. Radiographic and geometric morphometric evidences here presented show that: (1) variation of skull shape components of intentionally deformed crania is explained by both the force and the direction of the deforming devices originally applied, (2) intentional deformation affects anatomical landmarks located in the neurocrania as well as the face, (3) there would be a morphological continuity among populations representatives ...
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