A novel scheme for the focusing of high-energy leptons in future linear colliders was proposed in 2001 [P. Raimondi and A. Seryi, Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 3779 (2001)]. This scheme has many advantageous properties over previously studied focusing schemes, including being significantly shorter for a given energy and having a significantly better energy bandwidth. Experimental results from the ATF2 accelerator at KEK are presented that validate the operating principle of such a scheme by demonstrating the demagnification of a 1.3 GeV electron beam down to below 65 nm in height using an energy-scaled version of the compact focusing optics designed for the ILC collider.

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is synthesized in the pancreas and diabetic animals have low levels of EGF. However, the role of EGF in regulating the major function of the pancreas, insulin secretion, has not been studied. Here, we show that EGF rapidly increased insulin secretion in mouse pancreatic islets, as well as in a pancreatic β-cell line. These events were dependent on a Ca2+ influx and phospholipase D (PLD) activity, particularly PLD2, as determined using pharmacological blockers and molecular manipulations such as over-expression and siRNA of PLD isozymes. In addition, EGF also increased plasma insulin levels and mediated glucose lowering in normal and diabetic mice. Here, for the first time, we provide evidence that EGF is a novel secretagogue that regulates plasma glucose levels and a candidate for the development of therapeutics for diabetes.

The Accelerator Test Facility 2 (ATF2) is a scaled demonstrator system for final focus beam lines of linear high energy colliders. This paper describes the high resolution cavity beam position monitor (BPM) system, which is a part of the ATF2 diagnostics. Two types of cavity BPMs are used, C-band operating at 6.423 GHz, and S-band at 2.888 GHz with an increased beam aperture. The cavities, electronics, and digital processing are described. The resolution of the C-band system with attenuators was determined to be approximately 250 nm and 1 m for the S-band system. Without attenuation the best recorded C-band cavity resolution was 27 nm.

Subsurface hook formation during initial solidification in the continuous casting mould degrades the quality of steel slabs owing to the associated entrapment of argon bubbles and non-metallic inclusions. To minimise hook depth and to improve slab quality, extensive plant experiments were performed and analysed to quantify the effect of casting parameters on hook characteristics using the no. 2-1 caster at POSCO Gwangyang Works, Korea. The results reveal that meniscus heat flux plays an important role in controlling hook characteristics. Hook depth correlates with oscillation mark depth, hook shell thickness, and hook length. Based on regression analysis, this paper proposes an equation to predict hook depth in ultra-low-carbon steels as a function of casting speed, superheat, oscillation frequency, surface level fluctuations, and mould flux properties. Use of this quantitative equation enables improved control of subsurface quality in the continuous casting of steel slabs.

General, dimensionless expressions are derived for the parameters describing the thermo-mechanical behavior of the roll-strip system, on the basis of the boundary value problem associated with hot strip rolling. Then, it is shown that, by conducting process simulation with an integrated finite element process model, the dimensionless expressions may be transformed into various on-line models which may be applied to precision process set-up and control. The validity of the proposed approach is examined through comparison with predictions from finite element process simulation.KEY WORDS: finite element method; thermo-mechanical behavior; effective strain; non-dimensional analysis; hot strip rolling. (7) where DTϭT 2 ϪT 1 . Note that V 2 and T 2 may be precisely predicted from the FE process model described previously. It is to be noted that FЈ and PЈ represent the theoretical minimum (or very close to the theoretical minimum) of roll force and roll power, respectively, in the context of the assumed distribution of strip temperatures in the bite zone. Dimensionless Expressions for the Process ParametersLet us consider a 2-D boundary value problem for the analysis of the rigid-plastic deformation of the strip, with the process geometry given in (18) where K, C 1 , C 2 , are constants that possess the same unit as s , T, and ē , respectively. Note that C 1 and C 2 are introduced since s is governed by non-dimensional T and ē , and therefore, their values may be chosen arbitrarily. In the present investigation, C 1 ϭ1°C and C 2 ϭ1 rad/s are assumed.Let us define the average values of the flow stress for the hypothetical mode of rolling, as follows: Selecting xϭCs 0j , where C is a prescribed constant, it follows from Eqs. (17) and (24) that˜˜,˜, Vol. 45 (2005) where N S represents ē, ė /w, s/w, as well as V ĩ /Rw. Now, let us consider the boundary value problem for the analysis of heat transfer in the strip, with the process geometry given in Fig. 2. • energy balance equation: (39) where Ñ s represents all the basic non-dimensional fields, which are, ē, ē˜/w, s, s 0j , and T/T 1 .It may be deduced from Eq. (39) that any, reasonably selected, dimensionless parameters that describe the thermomechanical behavior of the strip should, in general, be influenced by eight independent dimensionless parameters appearing in the right hand side of Eq. (39). Note that all of them represent design variables (variables to be prescribed by an engineer), except b˜3, since q s is unknown.For the work roll, the boundary value problem associated with the steady-state thermal behavior of the roll may be given, with the definition sketch shown in (42) Assuming a uniform roll cooling system (water is uniformly sprayed on the entire roll surface, except the roll-strip interface), it may be deduced from the boundary value problem that (43), which involves nine variables, may be reduced to a dimensionless form with five independent dimensionless variables, since four independent units (temperature, force, length, and time) are identified ...