This paper examines the potential of algae biofuel production in conjunction with wastewater treatment. Current technology for algal wastewater treatment uses facultative ponds, however, these ponds have low productivity (∼10 tonnes/ha.y), are not amenable to cultivating single algal species, require chemical flocculation or other expensive processes for algal harvest, and do not provide consistent nutrient removal. Shallow, paddlewheel-mixed high rate algal ponds (HRAPs) have much higher productivities (∼30 tonnes/ha.y) and promote bioflocculation settling which may provide low-cost algal harvest. Moreover, HRAP algae are carbon-limited and daytime addition of CO(2) has, under suitable climatic conditions, the potential to double production (to ∼60 tonnes/ha.y), improve bioflocculation algal harvest, and enhance wastewater nutrient removal. Algae biofuels (e.g. biogas, ethanol, biodiesel and crude bio-oil), could be produced from the algae harvested from wastewater HRAPs, The wastewater treatment function would cover the capital and operation costs of algal production, with biofuel and recovered nutrient fertilizer being by-products. Greenhouse gas abatement results from both the production of the biofuels and the savings in energy consumption compared to electromechanical treatment processes. However, to achieve these benefits, further research is required, particularly the large-scale demonstration of wastewater treatment HRAP algal production and harvest.

High rate algal pond (HRAP) systems provide opportunities for low-energy wastewater treatment and energy recovery from wastewater solids, as well as biofuel production from the harvested algal biomass. The wastewater is pretreated using covered anaerobic ponds or gravity settlers and covered digester ponds which remove and digest the wastewater solids. The effluent is then treated in shallow gently mixed HRAP which efficiently breakdown the dissolved organic matter. The algae assimilate wastewater nutrients to provide both secondary and partial tertiary-level treatment. HRAP also provide more efficient natural disinfection. HRAP performance can be further enhanced by bubbling CO 2 into the pond during the day to promote algal growth when it is often carbon-limited. This paper discusses the design and operation and performance of HRAP systems and their application for economical, low-energy upgrade of conventional wastewater treatment ponds combined with energy recovery and biofuel production.

Biogas produced by anaerobic treatment of wastewater can be collected and used for power generation. However, the biogas may require scrubbing to prevent corrosion by H2S and to improve engine efficiency by reducing the CO2 content. HRAP can be used to scrub biogas during the daytime when they are carbon-limited and have high pH. This study investigates the influence of the carbon dioxide addition from biogas scrubbing on high rate algal pond wastewater treatment performance (in terms of BOD, NH4-N, DRP and E. coli removal) and algal production (growth and species composition). Batch culture experiments were conducted in laboratory microcosms (2 L) and outside mesocosms (20 L). Results indicate that CO2 addition and reduced culture pH increased algal production and nutrient assimilation, decreased high pH mediated nutrient removal processes (phosphate precipitation and ammonia volatilisation), but had little influence on the ability of the culture to remove filtered BODs. Disinfection, as indicated by E.coli removal; was reduced, however, further research on virus removal, which is not affected by culture pH, is required. These preliminary findings indicate the potential to scrub C02 from biogas using high rate pond water without decreasing the effectiveness of wastewater treatment and enabling increased recovery of wastewater nutrients as algal biomass.

Over 1000 anaerobic ponds are used in the treatment of wastewater from farms and industry in New Zealand. These anaerobic ponds were typically designed as wastewater solids holding ponds rather than for treatment of the wastewater. However, visual observation of these uncovered ponds indicates year-round anaerobic digestion and release of biogas to the atmosphere. The release of biogas may be associated with odour nuisance, contributes to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and is a waste of potentially useful energy. The aim of this study was to measure the seasonal variation in quantity and quality of biogas produced by an anaerobic pond at a piggery (8000 pigs) and a dairy farm (700 cows). Biogas was captured on the surface of each anaerobic pond using a floating 25 m2 polypropylene cover. Biogas production was continually monitored and composition was analysed monthly. Annual average biogas (methane) production rates from the piggery and dairy farm anaerobic ponds were 0.84 (0.62) m3/m2.day and 0.032 (0.026) m3/m2.day, respectively. Average CH4 content of the piggery and dairy farm biogas was high (74% and 82%, respectively) due to partial scrubbing of CO2 within the pond water. The average daily volume of methane gas that could potentially be captured by completely covering the surface of the piggery and dairy farm anaerobic ponds was calculated as ~550 m3/day and ~45 m3/day, respectively (assuming that the areal methane production rate was uniform across the pond surface). Conversion of this methane to electricity would generate 1650 kWh/day and 135 kWh/day, respectively (with potentially 1.5 times these values co-generated as heat) and reduce GHG emissions by 8.27 t CO2 equivalents/day and 0.68 t CO2 equivalents/day, respectively. These preliminary results suggest that conventional anaerobic ponds in New Zealand may release considerable amounts of methane and could be a more significant point source of GHG emissions than previously estimated. Further studies of pond GHG emissions are required to accurately assess the contribution of wastewater treatment ponds to New Zealand’s total GHG emissions.

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