Case history of an African woman presenting with advanced HIV and a painful conjunctival lesion is presented. A conjunctival biopsy revealed invasive squamous cell carcinoma, with orbital invasion on computed tomography scan. She was commenced on antiretroviral therapy. She refused surgery to remove the eye and orbital contents (exenteration), and was referred to palliative care. Gradually, her immune status and ocular symptoms improved. At ophthalmic review, the tumour had apparently completely regressed. This unprecedented phenomenon may be due to antiretroviral therapy. Discussion covers conjunctival carcinoma and behaviour of HIV-related tumours with antiretroviral therapy. Antiretroviral drugs may offer a better alternative to disfiguring surgery in the future.

The aim of this review was evaluation of a recently developed proforma for improving assessment and management of patients under the age of 16 in the genitourinary (GU) medicine clinic. A case-note review of all under-16s attending between June 2000 and March 2001 was undertaken (109 patients). Comparison with review from 1998 prior to proforma introduction was carried out. In all, 99 proformas were completed. Fewer young patients were seen solely by junior doctors since proforma introduction (27-45%) (P=0.012), more were referred to health advisors (79% versus 66%) (P = 0.056),but follow-up remains suboptimal (72% versus 78%). Possibility of abuse was assessed in 102 patients (17 cases of non-consensual sex versus six in 1998). In all, 54% were using no contraception and only 21% were consistently using barrier methods; 41% had sexually transmitted infections diagnosed. The proforma is useful for collecting data and directing management when completed fully, and has revealed greater numbers of children involved in risky behaviour and abuse.

A retrospective analysis was performed on case notes of patients aged less than 16 years who attended a Department of Genito-Urinary Medicine as a new case in 1998. Seventy-four case notes were reviewed. There was a high rate of sexually transmitted infection (STI) (gonorrhoea six [8%], chlamydia 23 [31%], genital warts nine [12%], trichomonas seven [10%]) and low condom (30, 41%) and other contraceptive use (21 females [35%], six males [60%]). Many female attendees were victims of current or previous sexual abuse (eight, 8%) and/or exploitation, and for a further eight (8%) abuse/exploitation was considered possible; little reference was made to this in the notes. Thirty-three (45%) attendees were seen by junior members of staff, and only 49 (60%) were seen by a health adviser (42 females, seven males [60%]). Young attendees have a high STI rate, low contraceptive use and a significant minority are victims of abuse. Genitourinary medicine clinics need to provide a full sexual health service to this vulnerable group and have guidelines in place to assess for sexual abuse. Recommendations on how to achieve this are given.

Introduction: Stem cells have the ability to build every tissue in thehuman body. Hence, they have great potential for futuretherapeutic uses in tissue regeneration and repair.Umbilical Cord Blood also contains stemcells that can differentiate into other types, such ascartilage, fat, hepatic, cardiac, and neural cells. Aim: This study was conducted to assess the knowledge and awareness about stem cells and its sources among Undergraduate and postgraduate students. Material And Methods: A cross sectional questionnaire based study was carried out among postgraduate andundergraduate medical and allied students of the medical college for a period of six months regarding knowledge and awarenessabout Stem Cells and its sources. Results: This study included 300 participants. Data from this study revealed a high level of awareness and knowledge of the stem cells among the undergraduate and postgraduate students. Conclusion: Our results showed excellent knowledge about sources of stem cell among the medical and para medical students.

Introduction: Nanotechnology is a rapidly growing field to improve a number of medical products and processes. The merging of nanotechnology with molecular imaging provides a versatile platform for the novel design of nanoprobes that will have tremendous potential to enhance the sensitivity, specificity and signalling capabilities of various biomarkers in human diseases. Aim: This study was conducted to assess the knowledge and awareness about general concept of nanotechnology among Undergraduate and postgraduate students. Material And Methods: A cross sectional questionnaire based study was carried out among postgraduate and undergraduate medical and allied students of the medical college for a period of six months regarding knowledge and awareness about general concept of nanotechnology. Results: This study included 300 participants. Data from this study revealed a high level of awareness and knowledge of the nanotechnology among the undergraduate and postgraduate students. Conclusion: Our results showed excellent knowledge about general concept of nanotechnology among the medical and para medical students.