The corrosion of rebars in concrete is a major cause of the falling bearing capacity of concrete structures. The durability of concrete could be effectively enhanced by adding mineral admixtures. Many studies have shown that rust inhibitors can effectively prevent rebar corrosion. Taking commonly used slag, fly ash, and silica fume as mineral admixtures, this paper explores how an alcohol-amine compound rust inhibitor affects the compressive strength, chloride penetration resistance, carbonation resistance, and rebar corrosion resistance of concrete with a large amount of mineral admixtures. The research results show that the addition of rust inhibitor hinders the early hydration of cementitious materials in concrete; the chloride diffusivity and carbonation depth of concrete were minimized, when the ratio of N,N-dimethylethanolamine (DMEA) to sodium monofluorophosphate (MFP) in the compound rust inhibitor stands at 15:1; the addition of rust inhibitor clearly suppressed the corrosion loss of the rebars in concrete, resulting in a low rebar corrosion rate. The research results provide experimental evidence for reducing rebar corrosion in reinforced concrete.