Background: Postoperative pain is defined as pain of any degree after initiation of endodontic treatment either intra-appointment or post-obturation and is considered an undesirable occurrence for both patient and dentist. It was suggested that bacterial injury is probably the major cause of pain. Intra-canal medicaments are widely used to kill any bacteria surviving after instrumentation and irrigation. The aim of this study was to assess the ability of double antibiotic paste versus calcium hydroxide used as intra-canal medication in reducing postoperative pain. Methods: 36 patients with single rooted necrotic premolars with apical periodontitis were randomly assigned into two groups according to the intra-canal medication used: calcium hydroxide group (CH) and double antibiotic paste group (DAP). Preoperative pain was recorded using numerical rating scale. After isolation, access cavity was performed followed by chemico-mechanical preparation using rotary Race files with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite irrigation. Subsequently, intra-canal medication was placed and postoperative pain was recorded at 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours postoperatively. Results: There was no statistically significant difference between both groups. Both groups resulted in an increase in median pain value from preoperative to 6 hours postoperative, followed by gradual decrease from 6 hours to 12, 24, 48 hours postoperatively with statistically significant difference. When comparing both groups, DAP group showed lower postoperative pain values than CH group at 12 and 24 hours, but this was not statistically significant. Conclusion: The use of intra-canal medication in necrotic teeth with apical periodontitis was efficient in reducing postoperative pain regardless of type of intra-canal medication used. Trial registration: PACTR201605001482394 (Date: 22 nd February 2016).

Background:Multiparameter flow cytometry is a useful tool for diagnostic evaluation of mature B-cell neoplasms (MBN). Recently, it has been shown that assessment of CD200 expression may improve the distinction between chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL; CD200 positive) and mantle cell lymphoma (MCL; CD200 negative), but any potential as a prognostic marker for CLL remains to be established. Materials and methods: This cross sectional study was conducted on sixty-seven patients newly diagnosed as having mature B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders Levels of CD 200 in lymphoma cells were assessed. Results: CD200 was consistently expressed in CLL and hairy cell leukemia B cells, but not in MCL cells. Heterogeneous expression was noted in other CD5 positive Non-Hodgkin lymphomas. High CD200 expression (≥50%) was associated with a higher CD5, 19 and CD23 expression, older age, higher TLC and absolute lymphocyte count, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly and a higher Rai stage. There were no significant correlations between CD200 expression and response to treatment. Conclusion: CD200 could be of high value in distinguishing CLL, MCL, and atypical CLL. CD200 expression can also be of prognostic and therapeutic value in CLL cases.

Background: Pain of endodontic origin can be annoying for patients and endodontist. Pain relief is more important to the patient than treatment success. Numerous factors such as over instrumentation, over filling, debris extrusion can cause postoperative pain. However, bacteria found in the root canal space is the most important factor. Therefore mechanical preparation is an important step in elimination of micro-organisms from the root canal. It has been reported that micro-organisms can still survive inside the root canal even after mechanical preparation. Hence, the use of intra-canal medicaments in between visits for reduction of bacteria inside the root canal space has been recommended. The aim of this study was to assess the ability of silver nanoparticles versus calcium hydroxide used as intra-canal medication in reducing pain in necrotic teeth with apical periodontitis. Methods: Thirty-four participants were randomly divided into 2 groups, 17 in each group according to intra-canal medication used silver nanoparticles and calcium hydroxide (AgNPs and Ca(OH)2). Each patient was given pain scale chart numerical rating scale (NRS) in order to record his/her pain level before any intervention followed by placement of intra-canal medicament for 1 week. Postoperative pain was recorded at 4, 12, 24, 48 hours. Results: Pre-operatively; there was no statistically significant difference between mean pain scores in the two groups. After 4, 12 as well as 24 hours, Ca(OH)2 group showed statistically significantly higher mean pain score than AgNPs group. After 48 hours; there was no statistically significant difference between mean pain scores in the two groups. Conclusions: There was a statistically significant difference in postoperative pain following 4, 12, and 24 hours where AgNPs group resulted in reduction of pain more than Ca(OH)2 group. At 48 hours, there was no statistically significant difference. Trial registration: PACTR PACTR201602001444180 26/01/2016

Interphase and metaphase FISH studies improve the cytogenetic diagnosis of chromosomal abnormalities in B-CLL. Lymphocytosis and trisomy 12 may be a good indicator of poor prognosis.

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