Energy production relies on finite fossil fuels and is usually regarded as the primary source of hazardous emissions and global warming. As a result, much attention has been dedicated to biofuel as a fuel for engine alternatives. Biofuel is now primarily utilized in blends with fossil diesel. As a result, this study was focused on adding bioethanol and biodiesel to fossil diesel. Biodiesel was manufactured by transesterification from waste cooking oil, while bioethanol was made through banana fermentation. The physical properties such as density, kinematic viscosity, flashpoint, and cetane index of fossil diesel-biodiesel-bioethanol blends were compared with fossil diesel fuel in laboratory experiments. When added, bioethanol was found to degrade the physical properties of blended fuels substantially. The substitution of bioethanol for fossil diesel resulted in a significant reduction of hazardous emissions. The assessment of flue gas emissions indicated a considerable reduction in CO2, CO, hydrocarbon (HC) and NOx emissions.

The present world highly depends on petroleum fuels to gain energy for transportation resulting in the vast side of environmental problems such as global warming and air pollution. Due to this, the price of conventional fuel escalating day by day. Accordingly, the world needs renewable, ecologically suitable, cost-effective alternate against fossil fuels. Bioethanol is one of the most usable fuel or fuel additives among the other biofuels. Ingoing qualities of bioethanol such as high-octane number, high oxygen content, and low energy content are revealed that application of bioethanol produced from different types of waste materials feedstock in the transportation and energy sector diminishes environment pollution. It provides a solution for waste management. The world releases a considerable amount of fruits as waste annually. Thereby, fruit waste is the cheapest feedstock to produce bioethanol. Fruit waste such as whole rotten fruits, fruit peels, seeds and other residues consists of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, starch and simple sugars. Conversion of cellulose and hemicellulose to ethanol is vital to advance pretreatment and hydrolysis techniques to obtain maximum ethanol content. The production process of bioethanol from fruit waste mainly contains pretreatment; hydrolysis, saccharification, fermentation and ethanol extracting process (distillation) steps. Yeast (S. cerevisiae) is primarily used in the fermentation process because of its high conversion efficiency, cost-effectiveness and feasibility of handling. Considering the optimum configuration for bioethanol production, simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) is the best commensurate method having maximum bioethanol concentration. The fermentation process could be appreciated through various factors, such as temperature (30-33 ºC), pH of the medium (4-5), time of incubation, feedstock concentration, inoculum size, agitating rate, N sources in the medium to gain high bioethanol concentration.

Petroleum consumption in the transportation sector causes severe damage to the environment. Bioethanol is used as a biofuel or fuel additive because of its properties that give clean burning, reducing air pollution and avoiding global warming. Still, Sri Lanka depends on petroleum fuel. As a result, Sri Lanka generates 270000 tons of fruit waste per year, including bananas, and it is time to investigate alternatives to fossil fuel. It would diminish environmental pollution and reduce the dependence on imported fossil fuels. In present study, the waste of bananas and grapes is used to produce bioethanol using S. cerevisiae (Baker’s yeast). Temperatures of 30 ºC and pH 5.0 were maintained in the fermentation medium. This study shows that waste grapes have a higher ethanol concentration, 6.08% greater than bananas at 5.11%. The grape and banana ethanol yields are 46.77 g/L and 39.46 g/L, and the specific gravity shows 0.871 and 0.882, respectively.