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Fifty patients (18 males, 32 females) with malaria infection and 50 apparently healthy control subjects (22 males, 28 females) were recruited for the study. Hematocrit level (PCV) was determined using Heco C haematology analyzer. Plasma electrolytes (Na + , K + , HCO 3 -, Cl -), and glucose were respectively analyzed by SM23A Spectrophotometer, using TECO DIAGNOSTICS and RANDOX enzymatic glucose methods respectively. The results showed a significant reduction in the mean values of PCV (30.04±5.31%), Na + (131.56±6.63 mmol/L), and glucose (85.92±13.85 mg/dL) in the malaria-infected subjects compared with the mean values of PCV (38.74±3.12%), Na + (134.14±5.95 mmol/L), and glucose (92.40±13.99 mg/dL) (P<0.05) obtained from the control subjects. We observed higher significant mean values of K + (3.93±0.79 mmol/L) and HCO 3 -(23.56±2.55 mmol/L) in the malariainfected subjects compared with the control mean values of K + (3.62±0.51mmol/L) and HCO 3 -(23.48±2.02 mmol/L) (P<0.05). The mean values for chloride observed in the malaria-infected subjects, Cl -(99.52±7.44) was higher than the observed mean in the control subjects, Cl -(99.50±6.33), but was not statistically significant P>0.05. The mean (±standard deviation) of PCV, Na + , K + , HCO 3 -, Cl -and glucose in malariainfected patients of different age groups were compared with the age-matched controls, and there were significant differences only in the age groups involving PCV and potassium in the 1-20 and >40 age brackets. This study has shown the importance of electrolyte management in patients with severe malaria to prevent attendant physiological failure during complications.

Background: Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamases (ESBLs) that mediate resistance to 3rd generation cephalosporins are now observed worldwide. Numerous types of ESBLs exist and can be found in nosocomial infections with Klebsiella pneumoniae strains in hospitals in Nigeria. However, there is no information available on the detection and prevalence of beta-lactamases of Klebsiella pneumoniae in clinical samples in Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex (OAUTHC), Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Methods & Materials: In this analytical cross sectional study, between January 2012 and January 2013, 600 isolates were received from different clinical samples. Susceptibility of the isolates to different antibiotics was determined by disk diffusion method using NCCLS guidelines. The MICs of ceftazidime was determined using broth dilution assay. Isolates showing MICs≥ 4 g/ml for ceftazidime were phenotypically confirmed for ESBL production using double disc synergy method. The positive ESBL isolates were subjected to Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) to study the target genes. Demographic data were assessed and all data were analyzed accordingly. Results: Patient's mean age was 65 ± 26.36 year. Three hundred and twenty six (54.3%) cases were females and Two hundred and eighty two (45.6%) cases were males. Clinical presentation of infection were 189 cases of respiratory infection (31.5%), 129 cases of septicaemia (21.5%), 117 cases of wound infection (19.5%), 96 cases of UTI, (16%), 36 cases of STI (6%) and 33 cases of meningitis (5.5%). All the isolates were sensitive to imipenem. Resistance to ceftazidime and cefotaxime were 43.5% and 46.2% respectively. Frequency of 375 (62.5%) cases of positive ESBL was recorded. The prevalence of SHV, CTX-M and TEM genes among these isolates were 32% (n = 120), 36% (n = 135) and 32% (n = 120) respectively. There was no significant correlation between ESBL positivity, age, ward and clinical presentation. Conclusion: The incidence of ESBL producing isolates of Klebsiella pneumonia is high in OAUTHC, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. These are associated with multiple drug resistance and pose a special therapeutic challenge. Routine evaluation of ESBL producing pathogens in the hospital can help clinicians in empirical treatment of high risks patients with serious nosocomial infection.