The optimal surgical management for failed conservative measures in epistaxis remains unclear. Given the growing enthusiasm for endoscopic transnasal sphenopalatine artery ligation, it is prudent and timely to evaluate the evidence base for this technique. This study aims to analyse the current evidence for transnasal endoscopic sphenopalatine artery ligation by reviewing the literature and also by comparing the results with other approaches to the management of epistaxis. A detailed literature search identified 11 publications relating to endoscopic sphenopalatine artery ligation. The total number of patients in the pooled series was 127, of which 98% had control of epistaxis following surgery. These results compared favourably to the results of most other techniques used in the modern treatment of epistaxis. Nonetheless, the total number of patients in the 11 case series is small. It is therefore recommended that all units using this technique audit their results to see if the high success rates achieved in the literature are reproducible. If this is the case, then endoscopic sphenopalatine artery ligation may indeed be the surgical answer to intractable posterior epistaxis.

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AVN is still prevalent among patients with unstable SCFE who underwent in situ pinning. Female sex and slip magnitude are potential predisposing factors for developing AVN.