Four Holstein steers (212 kg) with cannulas in the rumen and proximal duodenum were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square experiment to study the influence of degree of ruminal biohydrogenation (BH) on the feeding value of supplemental fat. Treatments consisted of an 88% concentrate finishing diet supplemented with 1) 2% yellow grease (control); 2) 4% formaldehyde-protected fat (Rumentek), 2% yellow grease (LBH); 3) 2% Rumentek, 4% yellow grease (MBH); or 4) 6% yellow grease (HBH). Ruminal BH of HBH, MBH, and LBH diets was 74, 68, and 54%, respectively. High-fat supplementation decreased (7%, P < .05) intestinal digestibility of 18:0 but increased intestinal digestibility of 18:1 (3%, P < .10), 18:2 (14%, P < .01), and 18:3 (23%, P < .05). Increases in intestinal digestibility of 18:0 (quadratic effect, P < .05), 18:1 (linear effect, P < .01), 18:2 (linear effect, P < .01), 18:3 (linear effect, P < .05), and total fatty acids (linear effect, P < .05) were inversely related to BH. For every 1% increase in the proportion of 18:1 fat entering the small intestine, the digestibility of 18:0 increased 1%. High-fat supplementation depressed ruminal digestion of OM (11%, P < .05), NDF (16%, P < .05), starch (6%, P < .05), and feed N (12%, P < .01). Formaldehyde-protein protection of fat diminished its depressing effects on ruminal digestion of NDF (quadratic effect, P < .10) and enhanced ruminal escape of feed N (linear effect, P < .10). Postruminal digestion of OM was greater (4.6%, P < .10) for high-fat diets. High-fat diets decreased (P < .05) total tract digestion of OM (1.9%), NDF (7.4%), and starch (.5%). Postruminal and total tract digestibility of OM, NDF, N, and starch was not affected (P > .10) by BH. In a 125-d finishing trial, 100 yearling steers (362 kg) were used to evaluate treatment effects on growth performance. High-fat diets did not affect (P > .10) ADG but increased (P < .10) feed efficiency (9%, P < .10), dietary NEm (7.6%, P < .05), and dressing percentage (9%, P < .05). The magnitude of the increase in dressing percentage was inversely related (linear effect, P < .10) to BH. We conclude that decreasing ruminal BH will increase postruminal digestibility of fat, and hence the NE value of dietary fat. The synergistic effect of increasing the proportion of 18:1 on intestinal digestion of fat enables higher levels of fat supplementation. Protecting fat from BH minimizes the detrimental effects of supplemental fat on fiber digestion.

To re-evaluate the incorporation of n-3 fatty acids into depot fats and muscle a group of lambs were fed indoors a concentrate ration supplemented (3% DM) with much lower levels than used previously of rumen-protected tuna oil for 42 days. A second group of lambs were fed diets supplemented with tallow (3% DM) to make the diets iso-caloric. There was no difference in final liveweight, average daily gain, hot carcass yield, or dry matter intake (DMI) between lambs fed with tallow and tuna oil-supplemented diets. Both eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels in muscle tissue samples from tuna oil-fed lambs were thrice those in tallow-fed lambs (1.81% v. 0.61% for EPA; 1.51 v. 0.44% total fatty acids for DHA). There were also significant incorporations of EPA and DHA into omental and perirenal fat. The level of linolenic acid in both muscle and adipose tissue of tuna oil fed lambs was double that of tallow-fed lambs. Feeding protected tuna oil significantly enhanced the n-3 fatty acid content of lamb meat.

The effect of feeding dehulled cottonseed protected from ruminal metabolism (PCS). Together with supplements of protected sunflower seed meal (PSM), on the performance and fatty acid profile of adipose tissue in feedlot steers was examined. Sixty-two Hereford cross steers, average weight 470 kg, were assigned to 4 groups and fed rations based on barley-corn silage for 150 days. The diets offered contained 10% untreated whole cottonseed +6% untreated sunflower seed meal (Group I), 10% PCS + 10% PSM (Group 11), 15% PCS + 10% PSM (Group 111), or 20% PCS + 10% PSM (Group IV). Inclusion of PCS at the level of 10, 15, and 20% together with 10% PSM resulted in an increase (P < 0.01) in dressing percentage together with an improvement in feed conversion ratio. There was a 5-8-fold increase in the proportion of linoleic acid (C18: 2) in omental, perirenal, and subcutaneous fat from cattle fed the PCS supplement. A significant reduction occurred in the proportion of oleic acid (C18: 1 cis), but the percentage of palmitic acid (C16: 0) was not affected; the proportion of stearic acid (C18 : 0) in subcutaneous fat increased with PCS supplementation.

The effect of feeding protected canola seed (PCS) and protected sunflower seed meal (PSM) supplements on the fatty acid profile and carcass characteristics of feedlot steers was examined. Fifty Hereford cross steers, average weight of 290 kg, were assigned to five groups of 10 and fed the following barley based concentrate rations for 133 days: I, control (containing 15% untreated sunflower seed meal (SSM)); 11, PSM 15%; 111, PCS 10%; IV, PSM 15% plus PCS 10%; V, PSM 15% plus PCS 15%. The inclusion of PCS, with and without PSM, increased the proportion of Cis unsaturated fatty acids in the subcutaneous, perirenal and omental fats; there were threefold increases in the proportion of linoleic (18: 2) acid, fivefold increases in linolenic (18 : 3) acid and smaller increases in the proportion of oleic acid (18 : 1). There was a 20-25% reduction in the proportion of palmitic acid, and the largest decrease was observed in the adipose tissue of steers receiving 15% PCS in the diet. Joint feeding of PCS and PSM significantly increased the dressing percentage of carcasses in Groups IV and V and fat depth in Group IV.

Introduction: Abnormal uterine bleeding in reproductive age group is one of the commonest gynecological problems in women. Ovulatory dysfunction is one of the commonest causes of AUB. Combined oral contraceptive pills and oral progesterone are used as first line treatment of ovulatory dysfunction. However many women may not be desirous of oral medication. In such circumstances keeping in view of patient preferences and her medical condition, vaginal rings and intrauterine devices containing hormonal preparations may be a preferable. Material and Methods: Two groups including 80 women in each group who were fulfilling the inclusion criteria were selected. In one group NuvaRing which releases 15μg ethinyl estradiol and 120μg etonogesterol daily and requires intravaginal monthly insertion and in the other group of patients Mirena which is a intrauterine device with levonogestrol was inserted. Both groups were followed up for 4 months. The efficacy and side effects were measured in terms of change menstrual cycle pattern and Primary Outcome Pictorial Blood Loss Assessment chart (PBAC) score. Other parameters included side effects and acceptability of the device used. Data was analyzed by statistical software SPSS 21.0. Results: NuvaRing and Mirena were offered to women in reproductive age group for management of dysfunctional uterine bleeding which resulted in significant symptomatic improvement, and a statistically significant decline in PBAC score. These women also had an increase in hemoglobin levels and improved feeling of wellbeing. Conclusion: Both NuvaRing and Mirena can be used for management of abnormal uterine bleeding. The initial response to symptomatic improvement in terms of PBAC score was better with NuvaRing but in the final outcome both are comparable.