We examined the feeding habits of black-backed jackals at Mokolodi Nature Reserve, Botswana, by analysing 237 scats collected between November 1995 and February 1997. Jackal dietary habits re£ected the availability of a wide variety of food items and the di¡erential vulnerability of prey. Potential animal and plant food available to jackals varies throughout the year because of its seasonal character. Seasonality of prey occurrence in scats was pronounced for small mammals, miscellaneous fruits and invertebrates. Across all seasons, mammals were the most common food resource (32.4%, n 168), followed by anthropogenic items (14.8%), fruits (12.9%), invertebrates (10.8%), birds (8.5%), unidenti¢ed items (3.5%) and reptiles (1.4%).The presence of domestic mammals and poultry remains in scats reveals their importance in the diet of jackals and the tendency of jackals to frequent human settlements in search of food. Some ecological implications of jackal dietary habits are also explored.Key words: black-backed jackals, feeding behaviour, Botswana (10,8%), des oiseaux (8,5%), des e¨le¨ments non identi¢e¨s (3,5%) et des reptiles (1,4%). La pre¨sence de mammife© res domestiques et de volaille dans les fe© ces re¨ve© le leur importance dans le re¨gime alimentaire des chacals et la tendance qu'ont ceux-ci de fre¨quenter les installations humaines a© la recherche de nourriture. Certaines implications e¨cologiques des habitudes alimentaires des chacals sont aussi explore¨es.
Length, branch production, orientation, spinescence and biomass were measured for current shoots of Acacia tortilis shrubs in a range of habitats in Botswana. All shoot characteristics varied between individuals and between habitats with longer, less spinescent shoots produced in the habitat recently protected from wildlife. Biomass allocated to woody material increased with shoot length at the expense of leaf mass, whilst investment in straight prickles was as much as 6% of shoot dry mass. Shoot length had significant effects on total current shoot mass per shrub which was greatest in the recently protected area but the mean number of shoots per shrub also varied between habitats. Age and history of disturbance, including herbivory, appear to be important determinants of morphology and growth pattern of individual shrubs. Fitness of A. tortilis individuals and the consequence of flexibility in growth responses for vegetation structure and community organization are discussed. RbumCOn a mesure la longueur, la production de branches, l'orientation, l'epinosite et la biomasse des pousses rkcentes des arbustes d' Acacia tortilis dans diffkrents habitats du Botswana. Toutes les caractkristiques des pousses variaient selon les individus et les habitats, avec des pousses plus longues et moins Cpineuses dans l'habitat protege depuis peu contre la faune. La biomasse de la matiere ligneuse augmentait avec la longueur des pousses au detriment de la biomasse des feuilles, tandis que l'investissement dans les raides epines pouvait atteindre 6% du poids sec des pousses. La longueur des pousses avait un impact significatif sur la rnasse totale des pousses par arbuste, qui Ctait la plus ClevCe dans la zone recemment protegee, mais le nombre moyen de pousses par arbuste variait aussi selon I'habitat. L'gge et le taux de derangement, comme par exemple par les herbivores, semblent etre des facteurs determinants dans la morphologie et la croissance de chaque arbuste. La sante de chaque Acacia tortilis et la consequence de la flexibilitk des reponses de croissance sur la structure de la vkgitation et I'organisation des communautks sont discutees.
Summary Length, branch production, orientation, spinescence and biomass were measured for current shoots of Acacia tortilis shrubs in a range of habitats in Botswana. All shoot characteristics varied between individuals and between habitats with longer, less spinescent shoots produced in the habitat recently protected from wildlife. Biomass allocated to woody material increased with shoot length at the expense of leaf mass, whilst investment in straight prickles was as much as 6% of shoot dry mass. Shoot length had significant effects on total current shoot mass per shrub which was greatest in the recently protected area but the mean number of shoots per shrub also varied between habitats. Age and history of disturbance, including herbivory, appear to be important determinants of morphology and growth pattern of individual shrubs. Fitness of A. tortilis individuals and the consequence of flexibility in growth responses for vegetation structure and community organization are discussed. Résumé On a mesuré la longueur, la production de branches, l'orientation, l'épinosité et la biomasse des pousses récentes des arbustes d'Acacia tortilis dans différents habitats du Botswana. Toutes les caractéristiques des pousses variaient selon les individus et les habitats, avec des pousses plus longues et moins épineuses dans l'habitat protégé depuis peu contre la faune. La biomasse de la matière ligneuse augmentait avec la longueur des pousses au détriment de la biomasse des feuilles, tandis que l'investissement dans les raides épines pouvait atteindre 6% du poids sec des pousses. La longueur des pousses avait un impact significatif sur la masse totale des pousses par arbuste, qui était la plus élevée dans la zone récemment protégée, mais le nombre moyen de pousses par arbuste variait aussi selon l'habitat. L'âge et le taux de dérangement, comme par exemple par les herbivores, semblent être des facteurs déterminants dans la morphologie et la croissance de chaque arbuste. La santé de chaque Acacia tortilis et la conséquence de la flexibilité des réponses de croissance sur la structure de la végétation et l'organisation des communautés sont discutées.
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