The vasculature of the placenta plays a crucial role during the course of pregnancy in order to maintain the growing need of the fetus. Abnormal placental structure and function significantly increase the risk of stillbirth. Various growth factors and cytokines play an important role in the vasculogenesis and angiogenesis of placenta. These processes are stimulated by various pro-angiogenic factors. The activities of these factors are also stimulated by hypoxia. In some of the physiological phenomenon like ovulation, embryogenesis as well as in wound healing intense blood vessel growth can be seen similar to that seen in placenta. Therefore, factors that induce and maintain placental vascular growth and function are of considerable developmental and clinical significance. The total arterial architecture may also depend upon the pro-angiogenic factors. Hormones and other growth factors are other contributors of this vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. Any dysfunction of factors can lead to foetal hypoxia and related complications. This review describes the major growth factors and their significant role in vasculogenesis and angiogenesis of placenta.

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Cancer occupies world’s major health challenge today. Cancer may occur in human body for any age and sex. Formation of a tumour with the features of abnormal and uncontrollable growth and shows continuous replication of cells leads to cancer. Breast cancer is considered the very common cancer in women. Breast self-examination is easiest and cost-free method for early detection of Breast cancer. WHO estimated that in 2018, 627000 women died with breast cancer in worldwide. Since 1990- 2010 there was a steadfast growth of breast cancer cases in worldwide. Premenopausal and menopausal age is the common age group women diagnosed with breast cancer. Thus, it is considered getting awareness about breast self-examination before attaining menopause helps to reduce the number of deaths due to breast cancer. This study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of breast self-examination in the prevention of Breast self-examination. 50 women between the ages 40 to 50 were selected for data collection.  To assess the skill level of women the investigator prepared an observation checklist. To assess the knowledge about prevention of breast cancer and breast self-examination the investigator used a structured questionnaire.

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