. Mosaic hybrid zones arise when ecologically differentiated taxa hybridize across a network of habitat patches. Frequent interbreeding across a small‐scale patchwork can erode species differences that might have been preserved in a clinal hybrid zone. In particular, the rapid breakdown of neutral divergence sets an upper limit to the time for which differences at marker loci can persist. We present here a case study of a mosaic hybrid zone between the fire‐bellied toads Bombina bombina and B. variegata (Anura: Discoglossidae) near Apahida in Romania. In our 20 × 20 km study area, we detected no evidence of a clinal transition but found a strong association between aquatic habitat and mean allele frequencies at four molecular markers. In particular, pure populations of B. bombina in ponds appear to cause massive introgression into the surrounding B. variegata gene pool found in temporary aquatic sites. Nevertheless, the genetic structure of these hybrid populations was remarkably similar to those of a previously studied transect near Pescenica (Croatia), which had both clinal and mosaic features: estimates of heterozygote deficit and linkage disequilibrium in each country are similar. In Apahida, the observed strong linkage disequilibria should stem from an imperfect habitat preference that guides most (but not all) adults into the habitats to which they are adapted. In the absence of a clinal structure, the inferred migration rate between habitats implies that associations between selected loci and neutral markers should break down rapidly. Although plausible selection strengths can maintain differentiation at those loci adapting the toads to either permanent or temporary breeding sites, the divergence at neutral markers must be transient. The hybrid zone may be approaching a state in which the gene pools are homogenized at all but the selected loci, not dissimilar from an early stage of sympatric divergence.

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The authors studied prognostic factors for surgical treatment in 22 patients with intractable postencephalitic epilepsy. A small subgroup of patients (9/22) had a positive outcome after resective surgery. They had a higher functional level after encephalitis as measured by Glasgow Outcome Score, a longer time interval between encephalitis and onset of seizures, and localization of ictal EEG to one temporal lobe. The other patients had devastating seizures with poor outcome after surgery.

This prospective study examined 62 patients (65 shoulders) with chronic courses of calcifying tendinitis of the shoulder before and after low-energy extracorporeal shockwave application (ESWA) in order to identify variables associated with the outcome of this treatment. Before ESWA, radiographs and contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the affected shoulders were obtained in order to document the size and morphology of the calcifications and the contrast media reactions in areas of interest (deposit, synovia, bursae), respectively. In addition, a clinical evaluation was performed. After ESWA (mean follow-up 18.2 months), clinical evaluations of all 65 shoulders revealed an increase in the Constant score from 44% to 78% (p < 0.0001). While size (p = 0.61) and morphology (p = 0.7) of the deposits before ESWA were not associated with the clinical outcome, negative contrast reactions around the deposits (p) = 0.0001), synovia (p = 0.0049) and bursae (p < 0.01) were associated with improved clinical outcomes. After the total study group was divided into two groups, one with Constant scores > or = 75% (n = 43) and the other with scores < 75% (n = 22), the positive predictive value (ppv), specificity (sp) and sensitivity (se) were determined for the negative reaction around the deposit (ppv: 0.94; sp: 0.95; se: 0.38), synovia (ppv: 0.84; sp: 0.82; se: 0.49) and bursae (ppv: 0.86; sp: 0.86; se: 0.44). In 5 cases (7.7%), surgery of the affected shoulder during the follow-up period was performed. No major side-effects were seen in the study group. In conclusion, our results suggest that in patients with chronic calcifying tendinitis, the absence of contrast enhancement, especially around the deposit, is a strong predictive parameter of a positive clinical outcome of ESWA.

SUMMARYClinical relevance of ELISA-and single-antigen bead assay (SAB)-detected pretransplant HLA antibodies (SAB-HLA-Ab) for kidney graft survival was evaluated retrospectively in 197 patients transplanted between 2002 and 2009 at the University Clinic Frankfurt. Having adjusted for retransplantation and delayed graft function, a significantly increased risk for death-censored graft loss was found in patients with pretransplant SAB-HLA-Ab [HR: 4.46; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.47-13.48; P = 0.008]. The risk for increased graft loss was also significant in patients with pretransplant SAB-HLA-Ab but without SAB-detected donor-specific Ab (SAB-DSA) (HR: 4.91; 95% CI of 1.43-16.991; P = 0.012). ELISA was not sufficient to identify pretransplant immunized patients with an increased risk for graft loss. In immunized patients, graft loss was predominantly present in patients who received transplants with a mismatch on the HLA-DR locus. In conclusion, even if our study is limited due to small sample size, the results show an increased risk for long-term graft loss in patients with pretransplant SAB-HLA, even in the absence of DSA. SAB-HLA-Ab-positive patients, being negative in ELISA or CDC assay, might profit from a well-HLA-DR-matched graft and intensified immunosuppression. Transplant International 2016; 29: 988-998