The main motto behind the 4G wireless epoch is to provide a mobile ultra-broadband internet access with the help of a completely standardized Internet Protocol (IP) for video, Voice over IP (VoIP) and other multimedia services. It also requires the existing mobile services to pullulate into an open Mobile Cloud which can be used by all the providers. Vehicular networks can also be used to obtain information from the Internet which is not directly related to travelling. So numerous number of applications like surfing, email, gaming etc. can find its way into these wireless vehicular networks. In this paper we discuss the network mobility mechanism used to support the movement of nodes which changes its point of attachment to a fixed infrastructure from time to time, thus developing an efficient handover prediction and initiation algorithm for vehicular communication in 4G wireless networks. Here the handover is predicted using the route travelled (database) and it is initiated with the help of threshold values in both the scenarios. Until the threshold value is reached, the handover initiation can be postponed (made to sleep), without any need to check whether we are within the boundary of the current Access Router (AR) or not, thus saving a substantial amount of resource usage. By this way, the Mobile Router (MR) forebodes the handover, even if the current connection with the AR is still active. 

A prominent function of a mobile host is seamless Vertical Handoff (VHO) that ensures application service continuity and quality. VHO decision algorithms that have been proposed in the literature consider parameters such as wireless channel quality (RSSI), cost, channel load, and available bandwidth. The mobile node runs the VHO algorithm autonomously and makes the decision. We highlight the fact that such a local decision can potentially result in a poor end-to-end application level QoS. We present a VHO scheme that takes into account endto-end QoS as one of the key parameters in addition to other common parameters. We propose an architecture involving an external host based light-weight server (Access Link Utilization Monitor) that disseminates the available end-to-end bandwidth to the mobile node to assist it in making a decision to maintain endto-end service quality. We describe a fuzzy logic based algorithm that has been used in the handoff decision. We present the results of our implementation on a mobile IP testbed under different realistic scenarios, that include WLAN, WiMAX and 3G access technologies to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed scheme.

The electricity demand is adding with the growth of population and with the use of different appliances in the homes. So, there's a need for consumers to track their diurnal operation and understand the consumption patterns to save and control these coffers. Smart cadence along with Advanced Metering structure( AMI) is a realistic and effective result for this. before procedure which put to profitable use of one- way dispatches to gather cadence data, were mentioned to as Automated Meter Reading( AMR) Systems. This design aims at analyzing the performance of the proposed smart cadence systems, effective transmission and how serviceability explore new developments for the benefit of consumers as well as themselves by ever covering energy consumption. This is achieved by using PLC modems for remote monitoring and control of energy measures. By this way we can bring down mortal sweats demanded to outline cadence readings which are till now recorded by visiting every home collectively. As a result, the consumption patterns at the serviceability are studies and cargo analysis is made so that this can help in maintaining other systems associated with energy operation. To study and dissect the cargo consumption patterns. By this way an estimate on the energy consumption can be made and therefore have a control on its operation. Key Words: Smart Meter; Smart Grid; Advanced Metering Infrastructure(AMI); Information Rights Management(IRM); Power line communication(PLC); Arduino UNO;Energy consumption.

Crumb rubber is recycled rubber made from used tyres from cars and trucks. As a result of growing vehicle usage, the number of wastetyres is continuously rising. Each year, the world produces close to one billion waste tyres. The number will increase and reach 1200 million by 2030. Benzothizole, a substance in crumb rubber that is acutely toxic, irritating to the respiratory system, and sensitising to the skin, is also present. A study reveals that when these tyres are heated up, harmful chemicals are released. It has been determined that the chemical carbon black, which makes approximately 20-40% of crumb rubber, causes cancer.The rural roads are the foundation of village development, and they have contributed to increased rural incomes and the opening of new livelihood. By substituting crumb rubber for fine aggregate in the concrete mix design.

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