We conducted a 19-year follow-up study of 223 infants with myelomeningocele born by cephalic presentation, 68 born by pre-rupture of amniotic membranes cesarean section (PRAM C/S) and 155 born vaginally to determine outcome. We recorded radiographic level as the last intact vertebral arch at the cephalad end of the spinal defect from standard AP films of the spine. Protrusions of the lesions dorsal to the back were obtained from medical records or parental recall. Subsequent spinal cord abnormalities (hydromyelia, tethered cord and hypoplasia) were determined by patient's symptoms and verified by MRI. Data were from our Patient Data Management System and analyzed using Microsoft Excel and Epi Info 6. Flat lesions protruding less than 1.0 cm beyond the plane of the back and those associated with breech position or kyphus were not benefited by PRAM CIS (Fisher's Exact, p = 0.58 between the two types of delivery for motor level). Flat lesions were more common in the vaginally delivered group (p = 0.01). Lesions protruding equal to 1.0 cm or beyond were associated with less paralysis after PRAM C/S (p = 0.01). Although tethered cord syndrome was more common in the PRAM C/S group (p = 0.02), there was no difference in the muscle strength loss between the PRAM C/S and the vaginally delivered groups. Symptomatic hydromyelia was equally distributed but spinal cord hypoplasia was more common in the PRAM C/S group (p = 0.03). Due to the limited numbers of patients in each group available for analysis, we recommend further study to ascertain the appropriate management of fetal myelomeningocele diagnosed in utero and brought to term.

Groups of male or female mice were pretreated for 2 wk and 1 wk, respectively, with flesh (liver or muscle) diets prepared from steers. In one experiment diethylstilbestrol (DES) was added to the diet at 0.5 or 5.0 ppb. In a second experiment diets prepared from DES-implanted steer flesh (liver or muscle) were fed. Tissues used in the control diet and DES-added diets were from DES-free steers. The animals were allowed to mate and diets continued until the first litter was delivered. Increasing DES levels in either liver or muscle diets or flesh from DES-implanted steers resulted in no significant differences either in litter size or in the number of fertile male or female mice between the control group and experimental groups. The offspring from each litter were mated and showed no significant difference in their reproductive performance. No abnormalities were noted in any offspring.