Background: The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been declared a pandemic by the World Health Organisation (WHO). The outbreak not only affects human health but also travel psychology. Objective and methodology: In order to understand the impact of coronavirus on the travel pattern of Indian people, this study adopts descriptive research techniques to compare travel scenarios during the normal situation, pre-lockdown, and till the COVID-19 pandemic end. The questionnaire included the information for socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents, travel pattern during the normal situation, pre-lockdown and post-lockdown period. The respondent has to perceive the post-lockdown situation and give their responses accordingly. The questionnaire also has some policy-related questions on the five-point Likert scale. Findings: The results of this study are based on online survey responses from 3148 individuals. It is observed that during the prelockdown period, people are more dependent upon the personal mode of transportation and the use of shared mobility dropped (35% compare to the normal situation) significantly because of the high risk of virus transformation from close contact with unknown people and it is expected that, after the end of lockdown period, people will reduce their non-mandatory trips and higher income group will try to avoid travelling in public transport, taxi and other mass transport. This pandemic situation shows us the advantage of walk and bicycle (22% of growth was observed during pre-lockdown), as these modes provides a great way to stay healthy and also an efficient way to support social distancing and reduce the load on public transport. The high percentage of uses of private vehicle (like cars and two-wheeler) will increase congestion on roads and it will lead to more air pollution. The findings of this study will help transport planner and policymakers to plan effective policy strategies to facilitate smooth transportation service during this pandemic situation. The author also recommend the public transport systems to come up with technological upgradation to reduce the contacts in terms of vehicular space (seat arrangements) and automated ticketing and overcrowd warning signals.

Plants are rich source of secondary metabolites with interesting biological activities. Cenchrus ciliaris L. is an important forage plant belonging to grass family (Poaceae). The objective of the present investigation was to characterize possible bioactive phytochemical constituents from the whole plant of C. ciliaris L. using methanol by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The shade-dried plant powder was extracted with methanol using Soxhlet extractor and crude extract was subjected to GC-MS. The phytochemical constituents were investigated using Perkin-Elmer gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, while the mass spectra of the compounds found in the extract was matched with the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and Willey 8 library. Maximum % area is found for Stigmasta -5, 22-Dien-3-ol, is present in maximum amount (12.68%) with RT = 36.461 min. in the methanolic root extract. 6,6-Dideutero-nonen-1-ol-3, is present in maximum amount (31.92 %) with RT=12.088 min. in the methanolic stem extract and Pentadecanoic acid is present in maximum amount (20.04%) with RT= 16.328 min. in the leaf extract of Cenchrus ciliaris L. Green plants synthesize and preserve a variety of biochemical compounds, these products include flavonoids, phenols, saponins, terpenes, steroids and glycosides. C4 plants, specifically in warm conditions may show more potentialities to defend themselves. These compounds are commercially important and are used by pharmaceutical industries as well as the traditional practitioners for making herbal/synthetic drug formulations.

Objective: The study was carried out with an objective to characterize the possible bioactive phytochemical constituents from the root of Cenchrus ciliaris L. using various solvents of different polarities, i.e., methanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis.Methods: Plant material was collected from harsh, xeric conditions of "Thar" during August to October. The shade-dried plant root powder was extracted with solvents using Soxhlet extractor. The phytochemical compounds were investigated using PerkinElmer GC-MS, while the mass spectra of the compounds found in the extract was matched with the National Institute of Standards and Technology and Willey 8 library.Results: Maximum % area is found for stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-ol and present in maximum amount (12.68%) with reaction time (RT)=36.461 minutes in the methanolic extract. 1,2,3-propanetriol, 1-acetate is present in maximum amount (13.15%) with RT=6.582 minutes in the ethyl acetate extract. Tetracontane is present in maximum amount (16.70%) with RT=18.744 minutes in the hexane extract of root of C. ciliaris L. Conclusions:Green plants synthesize and preserve a variety of biochemical compounds. Plant secondary metabolites are commercially important and are used by pharmaceutical industry as well as the traditional practitioners. The GC-MS study helps to predict the formula and structure of phytoconstituents that can be used for drug design, and further investigation may lead to the development of various drug formulations.

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Plants are important source of medicine and drugs, they contain many bioactive constituents that produce definite physiological and biochemical actions in the human body. Medicinal plants are great importance to the health of individuals and play a signifi cant role in traditional and modern drug system. Ceropegia bulbosa Roxb.var. lushii (Grah.) Hook.f. is one of the medicinally important and endangered plant (Asclepiadaceae), reported from some places of Rajasthan. The aim of present study was to determine the preliminary phytochemicals and bioactive components using standard analytical procedures and Perkin-Elmer Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry of the whole plant in three extracts i.e. methanol, chloroform and hexane. The mass spectra of the compounds found in the extract was matched and compared with the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) library. Methanol and chloroform extract shows better results as compared to hexane extract. This investigation conclu des that extract of this plant contains various biologically active constituents and justifies its use for noval drug development.