Glucocorticoids are well known to inhibit the release of hypophysiotrophic hormones from neurones originating in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), but the cellular mechanisms of the inhibition are not well understood. Here, we examined the effects of adrenalectomy (ADX) on the spontaneous firing activity in the neurosecretory parvocellular PVN neurones of rat brain slices. The neurones were identified by injecting a retrograde dye into the pituitary stalk and classified according to their electrophysiological properties. The intranuclear distribution, electrophysiological properties, and hypophysiotrophic hormone phenotype of the labelled type II PVN neurones were similar to neurosecretory parvocellular PVN neurones. In the neurones of sham-operated rats under the cell-attached recording mode, we observed three spontaneous activity patterns: tonic regular (24%), tonic irregular (36%), and silent (40%). Noradrenaline (100 microM) induced an excitatory or an inhibitory effect on the spontaneous activity. Noradrenergic excitation was blocked by prazosin (2 microM, alpha(1)-adrenoceptor antagonist), and mimicked by phenylephrine (100 microM, alpha(1)-adrenoceptor agonist), whereas noradrenergic inhibition was blocked by yohimbine (2 microM, alpha(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist) and mimicked by clonidine (50 microM, alpha(2)-adrenoceptor agonist). In the neurones of ADX rats, we found burst firing in 35% of neurones tested and an increase in the frequency of spontaneous firing. The burst firing was not observed in the neurones of the sham-operated rats. ADX caused a 1.7-fold increase in the proportion of neurones showing the noradrenergic excitation. Supplementation of the ADX rats with corticosterone (10 mg pellet) reversed the ADX-induced burst firing, and the potentiation of noradrenergic excitation. In summary, our results show that removal of corticosterone by ADX can elevate the neuronal excitability by increasing the spontaneous firing rate and by potentiating the alpha(1)-adrenoceptor-mediated noradrenergic excitation, and it can facilitate hormone release by inducing burst firing. Our results provide new insight to the cellular mechanisms of the feedback inhibition by glucocorticoids in the neurosecretory parvocellular neurones of the PVN.

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Non-technical summary Despite the importance of brain-mediated sympathetic activation in the morbidity and mortality of patients with high blood pressure, the precise cellular mechanisms involved remain largely unknown. We show that an imbalanced interaction between two opposing currents mediated by potassium (I A ) and calcium (I T ) channels occurs in sympathetic-related hypothalamic neurons in hypertensive rats. We show that this imbalance contributes to enhanced membrane excitability and firing activity in this neuronal population. Knowledge of how these opposing ion channels interact in normal and disease states increases our understanding of underlying brain mechanisms contributing to the high blood pressure condition.Abstract We investigated here whether an opposing interplay between the subthreshold currents A-type potassium (I A ) and T-type calcium (I T ) influences membrane excitability in presympathetic neurones of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) that innervate the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM). Moreover, we assessed whether a shift in the balance between these two subthreshold currents contributed to increased neuronal activity in hypertension. To this end, we obtained simultaneous electrophysiological recordings, confocal Ca 2+ imaging, and single-cell RT-PCR samples from identified PVN-RVLM neurones in sham and renovascular hypertensive rats. Our results indicate that I A and I T , displaying overlapping voltage-dependent and kinetic properties, are present in PVN-RVLM neurones. We found that the relative predominance of each current at hyperpolarized membrane potentials dictates whether PVN-RVLN neurones express a low-threshold spike (LTS) or a transient outward rectification (TOR). Moreover, we report the I A /I T balance to be correlated with the relative expression of Kv4.3 and Cav3.1 subunit mRNA within individual neurones. Pharmacological blockade of I A resulted in an enhanced I T -mediated LTS, as well as LTS-mediated somatodendritic Ca 2+ transients. In hypertensive rats, we found a shift in the I T /I A balance, towards an I T predominance, due in part to a diminished Kv4.3 and enhanced Cav3.1 mRNA subunits expression. The imbalanced I T /I A relationship resulted in enhanced LTS, LTS-mediated somatodendritic Ca 2+ transients, and increased firing activity in hypertensive rats. Taken together, our results support that a balanced I T /I A interaction influences membrane excitability and Ca 2+ dynamics in PVN-RVLM neurones. Moreover, an imbalanced relationship favouring I T results in enhanced neuronal excitability and firing discharge in hypertensive rats, constituting thus a likely mechanism contributing to the characteristic sympathoexcitation observed in this disease.

Steroid hormones modulate a variety of physiological functions in the hypothalamus. We attempted to identify steroid-regulated genes in the rat preoptic area-anterior hypothalamus by comparing differentially expressed mRNAs. Adult female rats were ovariectomized and, 1 week later, a silastic capsule containing 17beta-oestradiol (180 microg/ml) was subcutaneously implanted. After 2 days, a single injection of progesterone (1 mg) was administered at 10.00 h and rats were killed at 17.00 h on the same day. Differential-display polymerase chain reaction followed by Northern blot analysis showed that 10 clones were differentially regulated. Using homology search in Genbank, three genes were identified as sodium, potassium-ATPase beta1, protein kinase C-binding Nell-homologue protein and evectin-1. Further characterization of 10 clones showed that the expression patterns were tissue-specific and differentially regulated during puberty. Among these, mRNAs for protein kinase C-binding Nell-homologue protein, evectin-1 and human CGI-118 protein-like gene were induced after vagina opening, and differentially expressed during the oestrous cycle. Taken together, several steroid-regulated genes identified in the present study may play an important role in regulating hypothalamic functions, including puberty and the oestrous cycle.