In the prevailing COVID-19 pandemic, accurate diagnosis plays a vital role in preventing the mass transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Especially patients with pneumonia need correct diagnosis for proper treatment of their respiratory distress. However, the current standard diagnosis method, RT-PCR testing has a significant false negative and false positive rate. As alternatives, diagnosis methods based on artificial intelligence can be applied for faster and more accurate diagnosis. Currently, various machine learning and deep learning techniques are being researched on to develop better COVID-19 diagnosis system. However, these approaches do not consider the uncertainty in data. Deep learning approaches use backpropagation. It is an unexplainable black box approach and is prone to problems like catastrophic forgetting. This article applies a belief rule-based expert system (BRBES) for diagnosis of COVID-19 on hematological data and CT scan data of lung tissue infection of adult pneumonia patients. The system is optimized with nature-inspired optimization algorithm-BRBES-based adaptive differential evolution (BRBaDE). This model has been evaluated on a real-world dataset of COVID-19 patients published in a previous work. Also, performance of the BRBaDE has been compared with BRBES optimized with genetic algorithm and MATLAB's fmincon function where BRBaDE outperformed genetic algorithm and fmincon and showed best accuracy of 73.91%.

Parkinson's disease is a neurological disorder. It affects the structures of the central and peripheral nervous system that control movement. One of the symptoms of Parkinson's disease is difficulty in speaking. Hence, analysis of speech signal of patients may provide valuable features for diagnosing. Previous works on diagnosis based on speech data have employed machine learning and deep learning techniques. However, these approaches do not address the various uncertainties in data. Belief rule based expert system (BRBES) is an approach that can reason under various forms of data uncertainty. Thus, the main objective of this research is to compare the potential of BRBES on various speech signal features of patients of parkinson's disease. The research took into account various types of standard speech signal features such MFCCs, TQWTs etc. A BRBES was trained on a dataset of 188 patients of parkinson's disease and 64 healthy candidates with 5fold cross validation. It was optimized using an exploitive version of the nature inspired optimization algorithm called BRB-based adaptive differential evolution (BRBaDE). The optimized model performed better than explorative BRBaDE, genetic algorithm and MATLAB's FMIN-CON optimization on most of these features. It was also found that for speech based diagnosis of Parkinson's disease under uncertainty, the features such as Glottis Quotient, Jitter variants, MFCCs, RPDE, DFA and PPE are relatively more suitable.

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