Adsorption of sulfosulfuron was studied in two soils (topsoil from Alfisol and Inceptisol). The adsorption of sulfosulfuron was greater in topsoil collected from Alfisol than in Inceptisol. The soil sorption coefficient K and the soil organic carbon sorption coefficient K(oc) are the basic parameters used for describing the environmental fate of the herbicides. In topsoil the calculated K values from Alfisol was 4.43 and in topsoil from Inceptisol was 2.00. K(c) values were 6.06 in topsoil from Alfisol and 3.33 in topsoil from Inceptisol. The K(oc) values were 886.36 in topsoil from Alfisol and 770.26 in topsoil from Inceptisol. Field experimental plots with no previous history of sulfosulfuron were selected and studied the degradation of sulfosulfuron in the topsoil collected from Alfisol and Inceptisol. The half-life of sulfosulfuron in topsoil from Alfisol: T(1)- 3.97 days and T(2)- 4.54 days; topsoil from Inceptisol: T(1) - 4.68 days and T(2) - 5.52 days. The degradation of sulfosulfuron followed first-order kinetics. The persistence of sulfosulfuron was found relatively longer in the Inceptisol than in Alfisol. The combination of degradation data (t(1/2) - soil) and organic carbon based sorption (K(oc)) data of herbicides have been used to assess the pesticide environmental impact in soils through Gustafson Ubiquity Score (GUS). The GUS values were found to be 0.69 in topsoil from Alfisol and 0.83 in Inceptisol.
High concentrations of heavy metals, such as arsenic, in soils have potential long-term environmental and health consequences due to their persistence in the environment and their associated toxicity to biological organisms. Aspergillus nidulans isolated from arsenic-contaminated soil has the potential to remove arsenic from soil. The isolated resistant strain showed resistance up to 500 ppm and the mean weight was found to be 1.309 g. The main objective of this research was to study the improvement to the remediation of arsenic-contaminated soil by the addition of nutrient sources such as carbon (0.15-0.85 g L(-1)), nitrogen (0.25-1.05 g L(-1)) and phosphate (0.10-0.30 g L(-1)) to the medium. The effect of ionic strength on Aspergillus nidulans was optimized by NaCl at 0.12-0.30%. The biomass concentration and growth profile of Aspergillus nidulans in arsenic-contaminated soil was found to be 0.709 g after 11 days. The arsenic adsorption potential of Aspergillus nidulans from the contaminated soil was found to be 84.35% after 11 days at pH 4 and a temperature of 35 degrees C. This investigation indicated that the isolated resistant strain had an important role in adsorption of arsenic from the contaminated soil.
Environmental fate and dissipation of the sulfonylurea herbicide sulfosulfuron was investigated in soil (inceptisol) and wheat plant under predominant cropping conditions. Studies were conducted in natural field conditions and in a simulated model ecosystem. Thirty days after the wheat seeds had been sown, sulfosulfuron [N-[[(4,6-dimethoxy-2-pyrimidinyl)amino]carbonyl]-2-(ethylsulfonyl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-3-sulfonamide] 75% w/w WG formulation was applied once in the field. The dosages were 25 and 50 g of active ingredient (ai)/ha. Studies were conducted in significantly separated individual plots to avoid contamination. In a predetermined interval, soil samples were collected and analyzed for the residues of sulfosulfuron. At harvest, wheat grain, straw, and soil samples were analyzed for the residues. Similar experiments were conducted in a model ecosystem. Apart from this, after harvest, the succeeding crops coriander (Coriandrum sativum) and edible amaranth (Amaranthus mangostanus L.) were raised in the model ecosystem and studied for the residues. No residues were detected in wheat grain, straw, and soil samples collected at harvest from both experiments or in the succeeding crops coriander and edible amaranth in the model ecosystem when tested at the minimum detection level of 0.001 microg/g. The dissipation of sulfosulfuron was found to have first-order kinetics in soil and plant in both studies. The dissipation data of sulfosulfuron in the model ecosystem were compared with those from the natural field conditions.
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