RESuMENPiscirickettsia salmonis es un microorganismo altamente contagioso y virulento que afecta a la salmonicultura mundial desde el último tercio del siglo pasado y del cual sus mecanismos de sobrevivencia intracelular son completamente desconocidos. Después de algunos reportes recientes en donde se cuestiona su condición de intracelular obligado, hemos decidido mostrar evidencia adicional para cambiar este paradigma, llevando a cabo experimentos tanto clásicos como moleculares que confirman su naturaleza de intracelular facultativo. En este reporte se demuestra inequívocamente que la bacteria recuperada desde cultivos celulares infectados, de placas de agar o de medio líquido, es el mismo organismo, el cual cumple con los postulados de Koch. Además, análisis genéticos y proteómicos confirman que la bacteria obtenida de diferentes fuentes de crecimiento corresponde a la misma cepa tipo LF-89, la que fue originalmente descrita por Fryer en 1992. Sin embargo, el crecimiento de la bacteria, tanto en medios libres de células como en cultivo celular, es subóptimo, por lo cual se requieren más análisis para entender completamente la biología del patógeno. Interesantemente, en este trabajo se logró la mantención de la bacteria en medio líquido, pero a una tasa muy baja de crecimiento. En conclusión, y sumado a reportes anteriores, hemos confirmado la naturaleza intracelular facultativa de este patógeno de peces de cultivo.Palabras clave: Piscirickettsia salmonis, intracelular facultativo, genómica.
Reported strains of Piscirickettsia salmonis, a pathogen of salmonid fishes, were analyzed by amplifying part of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of the nbosomal RNA (rRNA) operon followed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of the amphcons. AU amplified fragments differing in sequence were distinguished by migration during DGGE. A simpler format, constant denaturant gel electrophoresis (CDGE), allowed the same diagnostic distinctions among strains. Sampling during 1997 and 1998 of salmonids from 5 different sites on and near Chilok Island in southern Chile displaying piscirickettsiosis revealed only P. salmonis resembling LF-89, the type strain first isolated in 1989. These observations are encouraging for control strategies, which might otherwise be compromised by unpredictable shifts of P. salmonis types in salmon farms A competitive PCR assay offered insight about the power of PCR for quantification and about specific tissue invasiveness by this intracellular pathogen. This approach revealed that the PCR could amplify approximately 1 to 10 P. salmonis genome equivalents against a background of >99.9% salmonid DNA. It also raised the possibility that the salmonid brain is an important site for P. salmonjs survival, with its bacterial load in 1 individual having been about 100 times the loads observed in liver and kidney. Pathogen detection by competitive PCR in a surface seawater sample from a netpen in use indicated a density of about 3000 to 4000 P salmonis cells (or their DNA remnants) 1-' Such quantitative estimates should aid decisions about disease prevention and management as, for example, choice of netpen sites following fallow periods and certification of ova, which are known conduits of infection.
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