Systems view thinking and holistic urban water cycle concepts are increasingly called upon for integrated analysis of urban water systems to mitigate water stress in large urban agglomerations. However, integrated analysis is frequently not applied due to the inherent complexity, limitations in data availability and especially the lack of guidelines and suitable software tools. The paper presents the application of the total urban water balance model UVQ to the City of San Luis Potosi (1.2 Mio inhabitants) under the arid conditions of Northern Mexico. UVQ is a lumped parameter model which describes water and contaminant flows from source to sink in urban areas and includes all water types such as rainwater, imported water, surface runoff, wastewater and groundwater. The results were especially useful for spatially explicit groundwater recharge calculation in urban areas. A range of urban water scenarios, including different supply strategies and the effect of externalities such as demand change, were simulated and compared to a calibrated baseline scenario. The analysis demonstrated that shallow urban groundwater resources can substantially mitigate problems of water scarcity and overexploitation of deep aquifers if appropriate water quality protection or fit-for-use paradigms are put into place. The modelling exercise delivers relevant information for the decision 240 S.E. Martinez et al. making process and identifies the most relevant shortcomings in current monitoring systems. This represents a key step on the path to water sensitive and sustainable urban development, including the urban aquifers which have been neglected in the management policy of most cities of the Mexican arid zone.
In the context of growing urbanization and climate change, the issue of how to best secure and increase future water supply in developing countries is key. To support informed decision-making in Mexico City, a comprehensive study was conducted to assess the potential effects of climate change and the vulnerability of water sources. The infrastructural, environmental and administrative factors affecting the water available from each source were identified and evaluated, and then combined with the likely impacts in regional water availability estimated using results from two global circulation models and two emission scenarios. The results obtained indicate that the water sources outside Mexico City, such as the Cutzamala and Lerma systems, are the most vulnerable. The current situation is likely to become worse as a result of climate change, as projections suggest a 10–17% reduction in water availability by 2050. When responsible agencies decide the strategies to secure and increase water supply, they will have to consider the prevailing and potential conflicts, the local water demand, the contribution to the city's greenhouse gas emissions and future changes in water availability.
RESUMENFactores que influyen en las fuentes de abastecimiento de agua potable a la Ciudad de México 410 / Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana / 2016 410 IntroducciónEl aumento de la densidad de población y la dinámica de la expansión urbana, con una marcada tendencia al crecimiento de las zonas urbanas y disminución de la población rural, hacen a las megaciudades focos de vulnerabilidad y de alta complejidad en la tarea de prestar los servicios urbanos básicos (Martínez et al., 2011;Kraas, 2008;Mitchell, 2006). El concepto de vulnerabilidad enfocado en los recursos hídricos ha sido aplicado desde diferentes perspectivas. Pinto et al. (2010) analizaron la vulnerabilidad de redes de tuberías de agua para identificar posibles escenarios de falla de la infraestructura; Sena et al. (2012) evaluaron la vulnerabilidad de ríos en la Cuenca del Amazonas ante eventos climáticos extremos, considerando aspectos geo-ecológicos y socio-ambientales; Wilhelmi y Morss (2013) evaluaron la vulnerabilidad ante precipitaciones extraordinarias en Fort Colins, Colorado, considerando los aspectos sociales; Pandey et al. (2010) analizaron la vulnerabilidad a sequías en la cuenca Sonar en India, considerando aspectos como la topografía, uso del suelo, demanda de agua, disponibilidad de agua y registros de precipitación; Hamouda et al. (2009) analizaron la vulnerabilidad en la cuenca del Río Nilo con base en 31 indicadores que consideran aspectos hidro-físi-cos y socio-económicos; Chia-Ling y Chung-Hsu (2010) analizaron la vulnerabilidad en una cuenca de Taiwán considerando factores meteorológicos y geográficos. Sin embargo, definir criterios para cuantificar la vulnerabilidad de las fuentes de abastecimiento de agua potable no es tarea sencilla debido a la falta de consenso en el verdadero significado del término, la complejidad de los sistemas analizados y al hecho de que la vulnerabilidad no es frecuentemente un fenómeno observable (Downing et al., 2001;Luers et al., 2003;Pritchett et al., 2000). La dificultad puede aumentar cuando se evalúa un fenómeno gradual y continuo tal como el impacto del cambio climático (Olmos, 2001) o la degradación de ecosistemas. A pesar de la complejidad, se han propuesto métodos de medición cuantitativos y semi-cuantitativos utilizando, en gran parte de los casos, un conjunto o combinación de indicadores. La utilidad de usar variables (o atributos) en las determinaciones de la vulnerabilidad radica en que simplifican y resumen la información relevante; por un lado, hacen visible o perceptible el fenómeno de interés, por otro cuantifican, miden y comunican información relevante. El desarrollo de variables e indicadores para uso en modelación y evaluación, permite llevar a cabo análisis de vulnerabilidad que integran perspectivas sociales y ambientales (Moss et al., 2002). En el presente trabajo se realiza un diagnóstico de las fuentes actuales de abastecimiento de agua potable a la Ciudad de México y se analizan los factores o atributos que influyen en su vulnerabilidad, considerando los factores amb...
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