Background: The World Health Organization supports and recognizes the benefits of breastfeeding, at least 6 months or more, for both a mother and her baby. A common cause for cessation of breastfeeding is the development of mastitis typically caused by a clogged milk duct. Literature is limited on physical therapy's role in reducing clogged milk ducts and subsequent mastitis. Study Design: A case report Case Description: This case describes a 33-year-old woman who was referred to physical therapy following unsuccessful treatment for breastfeeding complications that included daily bilateral clogged milk ducts and mastitis. The patient participated in a comprehensive physical therapy approach consisting of patient education, moist heat, therapeutic ultrasound, manual techniques, and cryotherapy. Outcomes: A retrospective review of 5 physical therapy visits over 3 weeks was completed. The patient reported no recurrence of mastitis and the ability to manage and decrease the recurrence of clogged milk ducts. The patient's number of daily clogged milk ducts and reported success with breastfeeding improved. At 6 months post-discharge, the patient reported she was able to continue breastfeeding and had no recurrence of mastitis. Discussion: Physical therapists may have a potential role in treating clogged milk ducts and subsequent mastitis in postpartum women where there is a lack of availability of lactation resources. A video abstract is available (see Supplemental Digital Content 1, available at: http://links.lww.com/JWHPT/A84).

PURPOSE:Multiple concussions lead to decreased physical and cognitive function with age but the effects on young adults are inconclusive. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of multiple concussions on neural control of force production and relaxation in college-aged young adults. METHODS: Thirty-nine volunteers (21 females, 18 males) participated in this study. Sixteen participants did not have concussions (NONE), 12 had 1-2 diagnosed concussion (FEW), and 13 had more than two diagnosed concussions (MANY). Participants performed rapid grip force pulses to varying peak forces (15% and 80% of MVC). Data were filtered with a 50Hz cutoff. Rate of force development (RFD) and rate of force relaxation (RFR) were calculated with the slope of a central tendency 50ms moving window. Peak RFD and peak force were plotted with a best fit regression line, similarly peak RFR and peak force were plotted. The slope of each plot (RFD-scaling factor; RFD-sf, RFR-sf) were recorded. Segments were calculated as the number of zero-crossings from the second derivative of the time-force curve divided by 2 and is an indicator of the steadiness or attempts to reach peak force. Time to peak force and Time to half relaxation were recorded from the time-force curve. One-way ANOVAs were used to analyze the data. RESULTS: All data is displayed in table 1. Chi square goodness of fit revealed no significant differences in psychotropic medication use (χ=0.92, p=0.63). One-way ANOVA showed no significant differences between the groups in any descriptive or experimental variable (all F<0.56, all p>0.37). CONCLUSION: In college-aged young adults, a history of multiple concussions has no effect on time to peak force, time to half relaxation, movement segments, or control of rapid force production/relaxation. With the known long-term cognitive and functional decline associated with multiple concussions, perhaps a longitudinal study would give a better indication of when changes may occur.