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Purpose: To evaluate the clinical characteristics of intraocular hemorrhages among babies screened for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and thereby their additional risk to the progression of ROP. Methods: A descriptive study was conducted at a tertiary referral hospital, which included 108 eyes of 60 neonates who were discovered to have retinal hemorrhages on retinal screening of 540 babies at risk for ROP. Maternal, obstetric, and neonatal risk factors were assessed in neonates with retinal hemorrhages. Retinal hemorrhages were assessed in terms of type, area, and relation to different retinal zones. Results: Among 540 neonates who were screened, retinal hemorrhages were found in 11.2% ( n = 60 babies). Elderly primigravida mothers and spontaneous vaginal deliveries with prolonged second stage of labor were a common maternal risk factors for retinal hemorrhages. Low birth weight and preterm were fetal risk factors with neonatal retinal hemorrhages. These hemorrhages were more often bilateral (no. of babies = 48, 80%). Flame-shaped hemorrhages were more common than dot and blot ones. The majority of cases (no. of eyes = 74, 65%) resolved within 4 weeks, whereas four babies (8 eyes, 7.4%) progressed to ROP were treated with laser. Conclusion: Retinal hemorrhages in neonates are commonly associated with prolonged duration of second stage of labor, advanced maternal age, and anemia. Although not all progress to ROP, recognizing preterm and low birth weight babies with junctional hemorrhages is crucial not to delay the treatment. Regular follow-up until the clearance of hemorrhages and monitoring systemic conditions in these babies of amblyogenic age-group are required.

Background:The menstrual cup is a recently developed alternative to sanitary napkins. Hence, in this present study, the knowledge, practices, and attitudes of menstrual cups among rural adult women were evaluated. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on women who are in the age group of 18-45 years and are willing to participate in the study. The relevant data were collected using a preformed questionnaire. The questionnaire included all the data about the demographic parameters including age, educational level, and profession, participant's knowledge about the menstrual cup, concerns, and attitude towards the same. After the data was obtained they were entered in excel and descriptive analysis was done by calculating the percentage. The appropriate diagrams were also done for data interpretation. Results: In this study total of 120 participants were included. Among them, 80% of the study participants were aware of the menstrual cup. 36.7% of the participants got information from media, 26.7% from family, 20.8% from friends, and 14.2% from media personnel. The maximum of participants was in the age group of 21 years to 30 years (58.33%). The educational level of the participants was mostly in the undergraduate (35%) or post-graduate level (25.8%). The main concern about the menstrual cup was found to be fear of leakage (51.7%), followed by discomfort (26.7%). 65% of the participants said if a menstrual cup is made available they are willing to use it. Conclusion:This study thus concluded that though many of the participants were aware of the usage of the menstrual cup the acceptance of the cup is still not achieved.