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In the present globalized business scenario, volatility in gold price, international crude oil price, and US Dollar exchange rate are likely to stimulate uncertainty in stock market conditions globally. The degree of uncertainty in stock market is high in the case of developing nations like India. Therefore, the study of causal relationship of gold, crude oil, and US Dollar rates with the stock market indices (S&P BSE 100) in India is more appropriate. The researchers have analyzed these macroeconomic variables along with the S&P BSE 100 with the help of econometric tools viz. Augmented Dickey-Fuller Test for Unit-Root, Johansen Co-Integration Test, Pairwise Granger Causality Tests, Vector Auto Regression Modeling, Variance Decomposition test, and Impulse responses analysis. The econometric research software called EVIEWS 6 was used to apply all those tools successfully. The result shows that there is a high impression in the Indian stock market due to the volatility happens in the described macroeconomic factors.

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The Vembanad lake provides various provisional services which are directly used for consumption through various means like fishing, aquaculture, paddy cultivation, duck farming etc. In this study, the economic valuation of duck rearing activities practiced by the 30 sample households situated in around three districts bordering Vembanad lake namely Ernakulam, Alappuzha and Kottayam districts were used for the estimation. This study used to estimate the economic value generated by duck rearing using market price method was about INR 27.62 crores, out of which the value generated from the egg and duck (meat) was about INR 15.43 and INR 12.18 crores respectively. In the process of estimation used the variable from the sample household as such as number of ducks reared, egg produced annually and selling price of duck egg and meat in local markets.

Market integration in agricultural commodities is vital for both developed and developing countries alike. If prices are not perfectly transmitted, then it may lead to distortions in production and distribution. The strength of interdependence among markets and the speed in which the changes are passed through determine the degree of integration and the global efficiency of markets. This study examines the long-run and short-run integration of domestic and international maize markets using Co-integration approach within the framework of Vector Error Correction Mechanism (VECM). A sample of five domestic maize markets comprising two from the traditional maize growing states of Madhya Pradesh, and Rajasthan and three from the non-traditional Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu were selected along with two international maize markets comprising from United States and Argentina. Analysis was carried out using the monthly price data between January 2003 and Dec 2013. Findings revealed that the prices became stationary only upon first differencing. The existence of integration was confirmed among markets implying that there is price transmission. The estimated error coefficients revealed that in Tamil Nadu market disequilibrium got corrected within a month by changes in its own prices with speed of convergence at 28 per cent in the long-run path. But for other markets the speed of convergence ranged from 20 per cent to 57 per cent for short-run price movements to become stable along long-run equilibrium path in one or two-month lagged period.