Background: Gallstones are one of the widely occurring digestive/hepatobiliary disorders. Chronic cholecystitis, cholelithiasis or symptomatic gallbladder is a prolonged mechanical or functional disorder of abnormal gallbladder emptying.  Nearly eighty percent of the gallstones are cholesterol gallstones, and 20% are pigmented stones consisting of bilirubin and calcium, the two components present in the bile. The diagnosis is established by a variety of diagnostic tools like ultrasonography, CT scan, ERCP, liver function tests and pancreatic enzyme studies. The hypothesis of the presence of H. pylori in the biliary epithelium of the patients with hepatobiliary ailments has been sporadically investigated. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a spiral, microaerophilic, gram-negative bacterium. There are many suggestive evidences that the DNA components of H. pylori is found in the bile, gallbladder tissue and/or cholesterol gallstones. The association of gallstones with Helicobacter pylori has been investigated by many authors, but not clearly established. Methods: The present study is aimed to identify the Helicobacter pylori infection as a risk factor for gallstone disease. The histopathological samples of gall bladder mucosa were examined by staining with modified giemsa stain, haematoxylin, and eosin. Results: Our study showed the presence of H. pylori in only one case which is not statistically significant. Moreover, the present study was based on H and E stains only and they should have been substantiated with immunohistochemistry and PCR studies. Thus, further studies are required to establish a causal relationship between the Helicobactor pylori infection and gallstone formation. Conclusions: Helicobacter pylori as a risk factor for gallstones is yet to be proven.

INTRODUCTION :- Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is very commonly performed surgery for symptomatic cholelithiasis. There is very low risk of infective complications in elective Laparoscopic cholecystectomy and hence standard guideline doesn't recommend prophylactic antibiotic usage for low risk cases. However it is very commonly practicised in dosage and duration inconsistent among various surgeons. This study is being done to assess the efcacy of single dose antibiotic prophylaxis over multiple dose in the prevention of surgical site infection in patients undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy to avoid antibiotic resistance and overuse of it . METHODS: The study included 60 patients admitted for elective Laparoscopic cholecystectomy. First 30 patients received injectable ceftriaxone 1 gram intravenous peri-operatively, rst dose twelve hour before surgery and second dose half hour before surgical incision and then followed by injection (conventional dose) ceftriaxone 1 gram/day iv twice daily for the rst 5-7 days post-operatively. Next 30 was dened as the single dose (post-operative) antibiotic patients , this group were given only single dosage of injectable ceftriaxone 1 gram intravenous post-operatively.operation-room anesthetic assistant administered prophylactic antibiotics at induction of anaesthesia to all the patients. On the third, fth, tenth and fteenth days post operatively, based on Southampton scoring system the wound was seen and grading of the infection was done RESULT: The post-operative surgical site infection rate in group receiving single dose was 7.76 % and that in multiple dose group was found to be 6.67% . Chi- square test was used to analyse the data and the difference in the rate of SSI in both the groups was found to be statistically insignicant. CONCLUSION: There is no signicant difference in the outcome of elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy in terms of post operative surgical site infection in single dose and multiple dose group. Also single dose of antibiotics are more patient compliant, cost effective, have less adverse effects and reduce the incidence of antibiotic resistance

Background: Rubber band ligation (RBL) and suture ligation are treatment strategies adapted for management of second degree hemorrhoids, an anorectal condition leading to distal displacement of anal cushions. Aim of current study was to investigate efficacy of suture ligation and band ligation techniques used in management of grade two internal hemorrhoids in terms of intraoperative n post-operative complications.Methods: An observational prospective study was conducted on 108 patients presented with grade 2 internal heamorrhoids at JNM medical college, Raipur between 2018 to 2019. Patients were divided in two equal groups receiving rubber band and suture ligation as treatment approaches. Efficacy of both treatment approaches was studied in terms of post-operative complications observed at immediate, one week and one month follow-ups and on the basis of hospital stay time required.Results: Majority of patients in both the groups were males with most number of cases in age group of 31-40 years. There was no significant difference in dietary habits of patients in both group as well as efficacy of both treatment techniques. Post-operative pain, discomfort, prolapse were common complains in band ligation group with pain persisting even during one month follow-up. Pain, bleeding per rectum, discomfort and irritation per rectum were the most common post-operative complaints of suture ligation group during follow-up.Conclusions: Although efficacy of both treatment strategies were equivalent, RBL would be recommended over suture ligation treatment strategy due to requirement of regional anesthesia to reduce operative difficulty and more hospital stay time in suture ligation treatment strategy.

Metaplastic breast cancer constitute nearly 1 % of all breast carcinoma cases. There is metaplasia of normal epithelial components of the breast into other types. They are highly aggressive with very poor prognosis. Here we present a case of 30 year old female who presented with a breast lump in her left breast associated with dull aching pain. It was 10 x 10 cm in size involving upper inner, upper outer, lower outer quadrants and retroareolar area of left breast. USG was suugestive of BIRADS VI lesion. Axillary lymph nodes were not found enlarged clinically or radiologically. Core biopsy report showed Phylloides tumor of breast. The patient underwent simple mastectomy of left breast and histopathology revealed spindle cell variant of metaplastic breast cancer. The cell blocks sent for immunohistochemistry were negative for estrogen, progesterone receptors and Her2neu receptor. The post surgical treatment of this type of breast cancer is still under study.