Acute herpes simplex virus infection in pregnant women results in intrauterine infection of the fetus in 45–50% of cases, thus being the cause of septic complications and severe somatic and neurological disorders in the newborn.The aim of the study was to investigate the placentas of new mothers with newly diagnosed herpes simplex virus type 2 infection (HSV-2) using histological and immunochemical methods.Material and methods. This histological study included 10 placentas of new mothers after operative delivery by caesarean section with newly diagnosed HSV-2 infection. The comparison group (control) consisted of 10 placentas of women with a physiological pregnancy. Histological sections of the placenta were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, Giemsa's solution and Picro-Mallory staining. Identification of the pro- and antiinflammatory phenotype of macrophages (CD68, CD163), subpopulations of CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes, TLR4 receptor expression was performed by immunohistochemical method using specific antibodies. Quantification of the cell population and TLR4 receptors was performed morphometrically. The data obtained were statistically analysed using MS Excel (2016) and SPSS Statistics 17.0.Results. Morphological manifestations of acute herpes simplex virus infection were combined inflammatory and compensatory in nature in the third trimester of pregnancy. The histological picture of the fetal part of the placenta demonstrated a decreased number of M2 (antiinflammatory) macrophages and an increased number of M1 (pro-inflammatory) macrophages. The imbalance between CD163+ and CD68+ profiles of placental macrophages with the numerical predominance of the latter evidenced a pronounced cellular immune response; this, in turn, was supported by intense TLR4 immunopositive staining of the fetal part of the placenta. There was perivillous fibrin deposition of varying degrees, villus agglutination, and necrosis of trophoblast cells associated with a relatively small population of CD4+ and CD8+. Villitis of viral etiology was characterized by destructive infiltration of maternal CD8+ T-lymphocytes penetrating the chorionic villi, combined with activated macrophages in the villi of the fetal part of the placenta. Modifications in the proportion of immune cells during HSV-2 infection supported cytotoxic and autoimmune reactions in the placenta in response to HSV-2 introduction.Conclusion. The results obtained evidence the development of a pronounced immunopathological process in the tissues of the fetal part of the placenta, which results in the decreased protective and compensatory properties of the placenta and increases risk of perinatal complications.
Аннотация. Матриксные металлопротеиназы являются неотъемлемым компонентом органоспецифичного тканевого микроокружения, принимая непосредственное участие как в физиологических механизмах регуляции состояния интегративно-буферной метаболической среды, ремоделирования тканей, морфогенеза и иммуногенеза, так и генезе многих патологических состояний. Данным обстоятельством определяется высокий уровень актуальности для космической биомедицины вопросов регуляции активности матриксных металлопротеиназ в условиях измененной гравитации. Исследования, включенные в текущий систематический обзор, были получены из независимого поиска литературы, выполненного в базах данных PubMed и Cochrane, а также из других источников, таких как Google Scholar и Сервер технических отчетов НАСА. Разнообразные факторы стресса, связанные с космическими полетами, в частности, воздействие радиации, усиливают экспрессию трансформирующего фактора роста бета и матриксной металлопротеиназы-2. Экспериментальные данные, полученные в ходе нескольких полетов, показывают, что микрогравитация влияет на архитектонику клеток и увеличивает экспрессию матриксной металлопротеиназы-1 и интерлейкин-6. Микрогравитация снижает экспрессию коллагена I и снижает уровень фибриллярного коллагена, что отражается на механических свойствах внутриклеточного матрикса. Матриксные металлопротеиназы-1; -3; -10 показали увеличение активности в образцах полета 16-недельных самок мышей C57BL/6J в течение 15 дней во время на борту космического шаттла Discovery во время миссии STS-131 по сравнению с наземным контролем, в то время как ингибиторы матриксной металлопротеиназы -тканевые ингибиторы металлопротеиназ-1; 2, и 3, не проявили статистически значимых изменений в экспрессии генов. Были определены достоверные различия в профилях экспрессии генов в легких между группами космического полета и наземного контроля. Среди генов, экспрессия которых была повышена более чем в два раза, были CTGF, MMP-2, NACM1, SPARC, SPOCK1и TIMP-3, в то время как в списке генов с наибольшим снижением экспрессии оказались LAMA1, MMP-3, MMP-7, MMP-13, VCAM-1и SELE.Ключевые слова: микрогравитация, гравитация, космический полет, фиброз, фибриллогенез, внеклеточный матрикс, матриксные металлопротеиназы Конфликт интересов: авторы заявляют об отсутствии конфликта интересов.
The effect of altered gravity on the digestive system is one of the challenging issues in space biology and medicine. The study of the effect of weightlessness on the mast cell (MC) functioning in the gastrointestinal organs is determined by their multifunctionality and participation in the developing adaptive and pathological processes. The aim of the study was to investigate the morphofunctional state of MCs in the stomach membranes of Wistar rats during 14 days of ground-based simulated weightlessness conditions and in a 3-day recovery period. Material and methods. The experiment involved 3 groups of Wistar rats: control, experimental – exposed to antiorthostatic suspension – and a 3-day-recovery group, 7 animals each, respectively. Identification of MCs was carried out using May-Grunwald staining with additional staining with Giemsa solution and immunohistochemical tryptase detection. The results obtained were statistically processed with SPSS 13 using parametric and non-parametric criteria. Results. A significantly increased number of metachromatic MC population was found only in the mucosa in animals of the antiorthostatic suspension and 3-day-recovery groups compared to the vivarium control. There was a sharp decrease in degranulating forms of MCs in the submucosalcoat in animals of the 3-day-recovery group compared to the control. A significantly increased number of degranulating forms of MCs was revealed in the muscle membrane in animals of the antiorthostatic suspension group. Immunohistochemical staining of MCs with antibodies to tryptase, in contrast to staining for metachromasia, allowed identifying a significant representation of tryptase-positive cells in the gastric mucosa in animals of the 3-day-recovery group. Conclusion. The results obtained support gravisensitivity of certain structural components of the stomach, and also evidence MC and their secretome participation in the developing adaptive responses to the effects of altered gravity both at the cellular and tissue levels.
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