No abstract

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of coating urea by chitosan at graded levels on ammonia concentration and rumen fermentation in vitro. This study used Factorial Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) to test ammonia parameter and Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) for pH, microbial protein synthesis, dry matter and organic matter digestibility, and Volatile Fatty Acid (VFA). The treatments tested were: P0 = addition non coating urea 1%; P1 = coating urea by chitosan 1%; P2 = coating urea by chitosan 2%; P3 = coating urea by chitosan 3%. The data obtained were analysed by using ANOVA and continued with Tukey HSD test with SPSS version 25. The results of this study showed that the coating of urea chitosan had no significant effect on pH, dry matter and organic matter digestibility, microbial protein synthesis, and amonia concentration in the rumen. However, it significantly reduced (P <0.05) total VFA concentration. It can be concluded that the application of urea coating by chitosan does not affect on the degradation of urea in the rumen.

Black Soldier Fly (BSF, Hermetia illucens) is an insect species that potentially can be used as a protein source for broiler nutrition. This study aimed to evaluate different inclusion level of BSF on broiler performance and blood metabolites by integrating various data from related studies using meta-analysis. Total of 12 studies that comprised of 31 data points were integrated in the database. Parameters observed included Live Weight (LW), Average Daily Gain (ADG), Daily Feed Intake (DFI), Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR), blood metabolites, and carcass proportion. The database was statistically analyzed by using mixed model method. Different studies were considered as random effects, and the level of BSF was treated as fixed effects. The model statistics used were the p-values and the Akaike information criterion. The significance of an effect was stated when its p-value was < 0.05. The results revealed that BSF feeding had significant linearly reduction effect on LW, ADG, and FCR of broiler (P < 0.05) and significant linearly increase effect on DFI and carcass proportion. However, BSF did not significantly affect on blood metabolites of broilers. It can be concluded that BSF negatively affect the performance of broiler.

Urea is a source of Non-Protein Nitrogen (NPN). The utilization of urea in the ration is useful for increasing digestibility, dry matter intake, and increasing protein content. This study aims to compare the utilization of conventional urea and Slow Release Urea (SRU) to reduce ammonia concentration by in vivo study using meta-analysis. A total of 13 studies were obtained that consisted of 41 data points. The parameters in this study include pH, Dry Matter Intake (DMI), Volatile Fatty Acid (VFA), ammonia concentration, and nitrogen intake. The database compiled was statistically analyzed using a mixed model method. Different studies were considered as random effects, and the level of urea was treated as fixed effects. The model statistics used were the p-values and the Akaike information criterion. The significance of an effect was stated when its p-value was <0.05. The results revealed that level SRU and conventional urea had a significant linear effect on ammonia concentration, DMI, VFA, pH and nitrogen intake. However, the effect of giving SRU was better than conventional urea. It can be concluded that SRU can control ammonia concentration, DMI, VFA, pH and nitrogen intake better than urea.