Floods, Landslides, Forest fire, Volcanoes, Hurricanes and Tsunami among others are indeed considered as the most natural hazards that cause loosed of resources which includes human lives. Hadejia-Jama' are River Valley has a well-known seasonal occurrence of floodings with maximum interval of five years incidents historically. Among these disasters floods especially along the river basin particularly in developing nations like Nigeria became a regular disaster with state of frequent occurrences almost seasonally. This study assessed pre-flood and post-flood nature of floodplain along Hadejia-Jama' are from Jigawa to Tiga Dam in Kano State. Remotely sensed sentinel 2 satellite data and ALOS Digital Surface Model (DSM) was used for the study. The sentinel images were subjected to image pre-processing activities such as geometric correction Odewole et al.; IJECC, 10(2): 34-44, 2020; Article no.IJECC.54640 35 and radiometric correction. To focus on the flood plain, a 5 km buffer of the area around Hadejia-Jama'are River Basin from Jigawa to Tiga dam were extracted from the data by using the extract/clip tools in ArcGIS 10.3 software. Findings of the study revealed that dominant land use along the floodplain prior to flood include bare surface, patches of agriculture/vegetation, settlement, water body. The study also revealed that patterns of flood damages vary irrespective of the risk with areas like Dawakin Kudu and Garun mallam were witnessing more flood damages than Miga LGA of Jigawa State. It is, therefore, concluded that Earth observation and its applications are useful tools/methods for flood damages assessment and evaluation as well as a basis for taking proactive steps in mitigating flood hazard along floodplains and another flood prone environment. Original Research Article

The physical development in Calabar metropolis has been restricted by the rivers surrounding it, which has further led to the development of unplanned settlement in haphazard arrangement within the metropolis, which therefore, requires proper and effective assessment. This study focused on examining the extent of growth of the built-up land area of Calabar, determinants and effects of the spatial growth of Calabar metropolis from 1987 to 2018. Data for the study was derived using questionnaire and in-depth interview and Relative Importance Index (RII) was used to analyze and rank the perception of respondents. Findings from both questionnaire survey and in-depth interview revealed that agricultural land-use was the major land use as at the year 1987. While built-up was identified as the major land use in 2018 implying a drastic change in the land-use change in the metropolis over the years. Finally, findings of the RII on the determinants and effects of the spatial growth of Calabar metropolis revealed that increase in population is the major determinant of the growth of the built-up area of the metropolis while increase in the cost of land within the metropolis is the most influential factor as a result of the spatial growth of the metropolis. The study recommended that improved rural programs should be embarked to reduce rural-urban migration and development of low-cost housing, accessible housing loans and grants should make available for the entire residence of Calabar irrespective of any bias which will curb the high cost of land and house rent within the metropolis among others.