Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) is a widely planted and economically important crop for production of raisin grapes, table grapes, and wine grapes in Turkey. Esca and petri diseases are two of the most important and destructive diseases of young and old vines worldwide (1). During the summers of 2009 and 2010, a survey was carried out in 63 vineyards in six locations of Ankara Province. Root and trunk samples were collected from 4- to 15-year-old grapevines showing esca and petri disease symptoms, including reduced trunk diameters, shortened internodes, stunted growth, chlorotic or necrotic leaves, and brown-to-black spots or streaks in the xylem vessels in cross or longitudinal sections of the rootstock trunk (1,3). Small pieces of internal tissues were surface disinfested in 1% sodium hypochlorite for 2 min, washed twice with sterile distilled water, and plated onto potato dextrose agar (PDA) amended with tetracycline hydrochloride (0.1 g liter–1). Plates were incubated at 25°C in the dark for 14 to 21 days. Phaeoacremonium spp. were consistently isolated from necrotic tissues. Single-conidial isolates of these Phaeoacremonium spp. were grown on PDA, malt extract agar (MEA), and oatmeal agar (OA) in the dark at 25°C for 2 to 3 weeks until colonies produced spores (3). Of these, Phaeoacremonium aleophilum was the most prevalent species, however, one isolate identified as P. scolyti was described by L. Mostert et al. (3). Conidiophores were mostly short and usually unbranched, subcylindrical to navicular, and often consisting of an elongate-ampuliform phialide. Phialides were terminal or lateral and pale brown to hyaline. Type II phialide were predominant. Type I phialide were 4 to 6 μm (average), type II phialide were 7 to 14 μm (average), and type III phialide were 14 to 20 μm (average). Conidia were hyaline, oblong-ellipsoidal, occasionally reniform or allantoid, 2.5 to 5 μm long (average), and 1 to 1.5 μm wide (average). Colony colors were reddish gray on PDA, pinkish white on MEA, and grayish pink on OA. Identity was confirmed by β-tubulin sequence analysis using primers T1 and Bt2b (2). Additionally, the β-tubulin gene fragment (primers T1 and Bt2b) of this isolate was sequenced (GenBank Accession No. JF909894). The sequence showed high similarity (99%) with the sequence of P. scolyti (GenBank Accession No. EU260415). Pathogenicity tests were completed using five, 3-month-old rooted cuttings of cv. Sultana. A hole approximately 3 mm in diameter was drilled on the crown 2 cm aboveground level from the bark to the pith and filled with a 30-μl spore suspension (106 spores/ml) harvested from 21-day-old cultures grown on PDA at 25°C in the dark. Five control plants were used. Controls were inoculated with sterile distilled water. Filled holes were sealed with a sheet of Parafilm. The plants were incubated for 3 months in a controlled environment facility at 25°C. After 3 months, the fungus was reisolated from black discoloration of vascular tissue and pith tissue of the crown area of all inoculated cuttings, completing Koch's postulates. The black discoloration was more compact near the point of inoculation. Control plants were asymptomatic and P. scolyti was not recovered from control plants. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the presence of P. scolyti causing esca and petri disease of grapevine in Turkey. References: (1) A. Eskalen et al. Plant Dis. 91:1100, 2007. (2) S. Essakhi et al. Persoonia 21:119, 2008. (3) L. Mostert et al. Stud. Mycol. 54:1, 2006.

Grape (Vitis vinifera) is widely planted and is an economically important crop in Turkey for domestic consumption and export. Black foot disease, caused by Cylindrocarpon macrodidymum Halleen, Schroers & Crous, is a recently identified but worsening problem in vineyards worldwide (3,4). Symptomatic grapevines show reduced vigor, shortened internodes, small leaves with interveinal chlorosis, and necrosis frequently leading to the death of the plants (1). Roots of symptomatic grapevines exhibit black, sunken, necrotic lesions with a reduction in root biomass. Pith of affected vines is discolored (4). During the summers of 2009 and 2010, a survey was carried out in 63 vineyards (4 to 15 years old) in six locations of Ankara Province. We collected 44 samples from roots and crowns of grapevines exhibiting black foot symptoms. In cross section, extensive necrosis at the base of the trunk and brown-black spots in xylem vessels were observed, resembling those previously reported for black foot disease (2,4). Isolations were made from roots, vascular elements, and pith tissue. In this study, 26 isolates were identified as C. macrodidymum on the basis of morphological characteristics. Isolates identified as C. macrodidymum had a dark orange-brown colony color and abundant aerial mycelia when grown on potato dextrose agar. Isolates produced ellipsoid or ovoid microconidia. The macroconidia were one to three septate, straight, and cylindrical. One-septate macroconidia were 24 to 32 × 5 to 7 μm; three-septate macroconidia were 26 to 40 × 5 to 6 μm. Chlamydospores developed in short, intercalary chains. Conidiophores were simple or complex and sporodochial. Isolate identities were confirmed by sequence analysis of the ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (GenBank Accession No. HM245331) with primers ITS1 and ITS4 (4). Isolates had 99% genetic identity with other isolates of C. macrodidymum present in GenBank. In pathogenicity tests, one representative isolate was used to inoculate five grapevine plants. Tests were completed by drench inoculation onto 3-month-old rooted cuttings of cv. Sultana with 25 ml of a conidia suspension (106 conidia ml–1). Controls were inoculated with an equal volume of sterile distilled water. Plants were incubated for 4 months in a controlled environment facility at 25°C. After 3 to 4 months, inoculations resulted in reduction of root mass, and C. macrodidymum was reisolated from regions of brown streaking in wood and discolored vascular tissue in all inoculated plants, fulfilling Koch's postulates. Control plants were asymptomatic and C. macrodidymum was not recovered from control plants. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the presence of C. macrodidymum causing black foot disease on grapevine in Turkey. References: (1) S. Alaniz et al. Plant Dis. 93:821, 2009. (2) F. Hallen et al. Stud. Mycol. 50:431, 2004. (3) F. Halleen et al. Phytopathol. Mediterr. 45:S55, 2006. (4) E. Petit and W. D. Gubler. Plant Dis. 89:1051, 2005.

Many Phytophthora species are known to affect oak trees, but the most common and widely distributed species are P. quercina Jung and P. citricola Sawada sensu lato, particularly in

Bu çalışmada, kiraz (Prunus avium L.) ağaçlarında kuruma ve geriye ölüm problemine neden olan Sitospora kanserine neden olan Cytospora türlerinin tespitii, bölgemizdeki yaygınlığının belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Sürvey, 2013-2014 yıllarında kiraz bahçelerinde Lazarov (1961) yöntemine göre yapılmıştır. Afyon, Ankara, Konya ve Isparta illerine ait 8 ilçe ve 79 bahçeden toplam 304 adet bitki örneği alınmıştır. Alınan örneklerden 304 adet Cytospora spp. izolatı elde edilmiştir. Tüm kültürler eğik agar ortamına alınarak +4 °C’de buzdolabında saklanmıştır. Sürvey sonuçlarına göre her bahçe için hastalıklı ağaç yüzdeleri bulunduktan sonra tartılı ortalama ile o bölgeye ait hastalığın yaygınlık oranları bulunmuştur. Sitospora kanseri hastalık yaygınlık oranı Afyon ilinde % 21,03, Ankara ilinde % 61,29, Konya ilinde % 5,82 ve Isparta ilinde % 38,39 ve olarak bulunmuştur. Verilere göre bölgemizde Sitospora kanseri hastalık yaygınlık oranı % 21,25 olarak belirlenmiştir.