Today the determination of successful crystallization conditions for a particular macromolecule remains a highly empirical process. Sparse-matrix and grid-screening procedures are rapid and economical means to determine preliminary crystallization conditions. During optimization the variable set (pH, precipitant type and precipitant concentration) utilized in these procedures is screened in an attempt to determine appropriate conditions for the nucleation and growth of single crystals suitable for X-ray diffraction analysis. Unfortunately, in many cases this strategy will not produce single crystals suitable for X-ray diffraction analysis. We have explored, in an empirical sense, other tools for use during optimization. First, a new screening protocol is evaluated which employs less classical precipitating agents. Second, a set of 24 electrostatic crosslinking agents are evaluated for their ability to promote crystallization. Third, a panel of more than 30 detergents are evaluated for their ability to prevent sample aggregation and influence crystal growth.

Introduction Solubility and Supersaturation Properties of Macromolecular Crystals Preparation of Samples Precipitants and Their Effects The Use of Temperature for Crystallization Creating Supersaturation – Methodology Factors Affecting Crystallization Screening and Optimization Theoretical Contributions to Macromolecular Crystal Growth Future Trends