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In this paper, we present an intercomparison of algorithms for retrieving soil moisture content (SMC) from ENVIronmental SATtellite (ENVISAT)/Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar images. The algorithms taken into consideration were a feedforward artificial neural network (ANN) with two hidden layers, a statistical approach based on Bayes' theorem, and an iterative algorithm based on the Nelder-Mead direct-search method. The comparison was carried out by using both simulated and experimental data. Simulated data were obtained by means of the Integral Equation Model (IEM). Experimental data were collected in an agricultural area in Northern Italy during 2003-2005; they included backscattering coefficient at HH and HV polarizations and at an incidence angle of θ = 23 • , as well as detailed ground truth measurements of SMC, surface roughness, and vegetation parameters. HH-polarized data were related to SMC, whereas the information of the cross-polarized channel was used to correct the backscatter for the effects of surface roughness. A comparison of the algorithms with experimental data showed that all the tested approaches produced SMC values that are very close to the measured ones. However, the predictions of the ANN were slightly more suitable than the other methods for generating maps in reasonable time. The production of moisture maps carried out at different dates using this algorithm pointed out the feasibility of separating up to six levels of spatial/temporal variations of SMC in the range of 10%-35%. Index Terms-Artificial neural network (ANN), backscattering coefficient, ENVIronmental SATtellite (ENVISAT)/AdvancedSynthetic Aperture Radar (ASAR), inversion algorithms, soil moisture content (SMC) maps.

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