Background

INTRODUCTION: Stomach is an important site for wide variety of lesions which include congenital, inflammatory and neoplastic conditions. Helicobacter pylori(H. pylori) has been implicated in varied range of gastric lesions including Gastritis, Peptic Ulcer (PU), Gastric Adenocarcinoma and Gastric Lymphoma. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 43 gastric biopsies were studied retrospectively over a period of 5 months from March to July 2013 at Department of Pathology, Universal College of Medical Sciences Teaching Hospital, Bhairahawa.RESULTS: Out of these 43 cases, 29 (67.4%) were male and 14 (32.6%) were female with a male to female ratio of 2.07:1. According to the endoscopic findings, out of 43 cases, 25 (58.1%) cases had Gastritis, 5 (11.63%) had Peptic Ulcer, 4 (9.30%) had gastric Carcinoma, 4 (9.30%) had Chronic Gastritis (CG) with Atrophy, 3 (6.97%) had Erosive Gastritis and 2 (4.7%) had normal mucosa. The correlation of endoscopic and histopathological diagnosis of these gastric lesions was 34.88%. CONCLUSION: It was observed that endoscopic diagnoses of gastric lesions poorly correlated with those of histopathological diagnoses. H. pylori has a high prevalence in our region and is mostly associated with Intestinal Metaplasia (IM), CG and Atrophic Gastritis (AG).DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jucms.v1i3.8763 Journal of Universal College of Medical Sciences Vol.1(3) 2013: 37-41

Introduction: Neonatal sepsis is a major cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality worldwide, especially in developing countries like Nepal. Antibiotic resistance among microorganisms poses new challenges in the treatment of neonatal sepsis. The present study is conducted with the objectives of determining clinico-bacteriological profile and antibiotic susceptibility among isolated bacteria in a neonatal intensive care unit. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from January 1, 2017, to December 31, 2019, in the neonatal intensive care unit of a tertiary care hospital after obtaining ethical clearance from Institutional Review Committee (Reference Number: 2020-064). The sample size was calculated and 77 neonates with culture-proven sepsis were included in the study. The antibiotic susceptibility tests of the isolates were done by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Data entry was done in Statistical Packages for the Social Sciences version 20. Results: Of the 841 specimens (blood, cerebrospinal fluid, urine, tracheal aspirate and pus) processed for culture, bacteria were isolated in 84 (10.0%) specimens. Among the 84, gram-negative bacilli were the predominant isolates 76 (90.5%); of which Acinetobacter baumannii was the most common 27 (32.1%). Both the Gram-negative and the Gram-positive bacteria showed high resistance to Penicillin and Cephalosporins. Gram-negative bacteria showed maximum sensitivity to Colistin, Carbapenems, Tigecycline and Fluoroquinolones. Gram-positive bacteria showed maximum susceptibility to Amikacin, Vancomycin and Carbapenems. Conclusions: Judicious use of antibiotics based on the updated knowledge of prevalent organisms in the local hospital setting and their antibiotic sensitivity pattern is of utmost importance for the effective treatment of neonatal sepsis.

Udder and teat conformations and measurements play a vital role in milk productivity and mastitis resistance in dairy buffaloes. The study was conducted on apparently healthy 24 Murrah buffaloes running on different parities selected from 3 different farms in the Chitwan district of Nepal to find the relation between phenotypic characteristics of udder and milk yield. The shapes of the teat and udder were evaluated by a visual appraisal that revealed 42.7% funnel, 26% bottle, 16.7% cylindrical, 14.6% conical-shaped teats, and 37.5% round, 33.3% bowl, and 16.7% goaty, and 12.5% stepped shaped udders. The average length, width, and depth of the udder were determined as 54.50±0.92 cm, 19.33±0.46 cm, and 27.50±1.10 cm, respectively, while the respective length and diameter of the teat were 8.46±0.17 cm and 3.59±0.07 cm. Within udder quarters, teat length was significantly different (p < 0.05) though the diameter was non-significant. However, the teat length and teat diameter differed along the teat and udder shapes showing the highest measures at bottle-shaped teats and goaty-shaped udder. The average milk yield/day recorded was 5.90±0.36 kg per buffalo. Higher milk yield was observed in the round-shaped udder and conical-shaped teat. The correlation of udder width (r= 0.237, p<0.05) and teat length (r= 0.222, p<0.05) was observed significantly positive but that of teat to floor distance (r= -0.232, p<0.05) was negative with milk yield. Hence, the selection of Murrah buffaloes for milk production traits should consider the dimensions of the teat and udder.