Lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) are seen as a viable option to meet the rising demand for energy storage. To meet this requirement, substantial research is being accomplished in battery materials as well as operational safety. LiBs are delicate and may fail if not handled properly. The failure modes and mechanisms for any system can be derived using different methodologies like failure mode effects analysis (FMEA) and failure mode methods effects analysis (FMMEA). FMMEA is used in this paper as it helps to identify the reliability of a system at the component level focusing on the physics causing the observed failures and should thus be superior to the more data-driven FMEA approach. Mitigation strategies in LiBs to overcome the failure modes can be categorized as intrinsic safety, additional protection devices, and fire inhibition and ventilation. Intrinsic safety involves modifications of materials in anode, cathode, and electrolyte. Additives added to the electrolyte enhance the properties assisting in the improvement of solid-electrolyte interphase and stability. Protection devices include vents, circuit breakers, fuses, current interrupt devices, and positive temperature coefficient devices. Battery thermal management is also a protection method to maintain the temperature below the threshold level, it includes air, liquid, and phase change material-based cooling. Fire identification at the preliminary stage and introducing fire suppressive additives is very critical. This review paper provides a brief overview of advancements in battery chemistries, relevant modes, methods, and mechanisms of potential failures, and finally the required mitigation strategies to overcome these failures.

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When computing the amount of interference from FMTV signals in satellite systems, it is customary to consider that the only effective TV modulation is the energy dispersal signal (EDS). This leads to a sufficient but highly conservative system design, since for most of the time the wanted demodulated signal may experience interference levels well below that computed using this approach. If the time statistics of the interference can be determined through measurement, then a grade‐of‐service approach can be taken in which interference can be guaranteed not to exceed a certain level for more than a prescribed fraction of the time. This approach will lead to more efficient use of orbit/spectrum resources as a result of the implementation of less conservative system designs. This paper presents a simulation approach used to ‘measure’ FMTV power spectra with and without EDS and the corresponding interference powers into the basebands of FDM/FM carriers. Time statistics in the form of FMTV spectral masks and FDM baseband interference power time distributions have been derived from the measured data of 1000 off‐air TV frames for co‐channel TV and standard FDM/FM carrier sets (12 to 1200 channels) deployed by INTELSAT. Sample results are given.

A digital readout electronics scheme in CMOS technology is described for integration with microelectromechanical (MEM) sensors on the same chip. The readout circuit is general in nature and can be employed with a variety of analog sensors. The presented scheme in CMOS technology is fully integrable with the multiple sensor outputs either in a chain or an array format and is capable of detecting low analog output signals from a few /iV to mV range. The CMOS circuit design is compatible with .5V operation for low power consumption.

A digital readout electronics scheme in CMOS technology is described for integration with micro-electro-mechanical (MEM) sensors on the same chip. The readout circuit is general in nature and can be employed with a variety of analog sensors. The presented scheme in CMOS technology is fully integrable with the multiple sensor outputs either in a chain or an array format and is capable of detecting low analog output signals from a few mV to mV range. The CMOS circuit design is compatible with ±1.5V operation for low power consumption.