Summary The present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of prolonged feeding of urea‐treated rice straw, compared with feeding of hay, on the regulation of body fluids, milk yield and mammary circulation at early lactation (30 days postpartum), mid‐lactation (120 days postpartum) and late lactation (210 days postpartum) in crossbred Holstein Friesians. Sixteen first lactating crossbred Holstein Friesians (HF), consisting of eight animals of two breed types, 87.5%HF and 50%HF, were selected and each breed was randomly allocated into two groups. Each group, consisting of four animals from the same breed, was fed either 5% urea‐treated rice straw or pangola hay (Digitaria decumbens) as the source of roughage in combination with a similar concentrate throughout the experiments. During the course of lactation there were no significant differences in body weight, heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure, plasma osmolality, plasma volume and blood volume among groups of 87.5%HF animals and 50%HF animals fed either hay or urea‐treated rice straw. Water turnover rate, total body water space and total body water as a percentage of body weight of 50%HF animals were significantly higher than those of 87.5%HF animals fed either hay or urea‐treated rice straw. The packed cell volume was significantly higher in all lactating periods of both groups of 50%HF animals in comparison with 87.5%HF animals. The ratio of DM intake to milk production for 87.5%HF animals fed either hay or urea‐treated rice straw was significantly lower than that of 50%HF animals in early lactation. The udder blood flow and milk secretion of 87.5%HF were significantly higher in early lactation and markedly declined when lactation advanced in comparison with those of 50%HF animals fed either hay or urea‐treated rice straw. The ratio of mammary blood flow to milk yield for all groups was in a similar range during early lactation although it significantly increased in mid‐ and late lactation for both groups of 87.5%HF animals. From these results it can be concluded that both 50%HF and 87.5%HF animals feeding on urea‐treated rice straw as a roughage source do not show any undernutritional effects in comparison with those fed with hay during the course of lactation. The physiological response differences between breeds are that 87.5%HF animals, which have a genetic makeup closer to the exotic bos taurus breed and a high milk yield, show a poor adjustment to the tropical environment and poorer lactation persistency in comparison with 50%HF animals.

Summary In this study, 16 pregnant crossbred Holstein Friesian (HF) heifers, consisting of eight animals of two breed types, 87.5%HF and 50%HF were selected and each breed was randomly allocated into two groups. Each group, consisting four animals from the same breed, was fed either 5% urea treated rice straw or pangola (Digitaria decumbens) hay as the source of roughage. Animals from each breed type were maintained on the ration in combination with a similar concentrate throughout the experiments. Two consecutive periods of experiments were carried out in each groups. Period 1 was designed to begin 21 days before parturition (late pregnancy) and period 2 began 30 days postpartum (early stage of lactating period). The body weight of the 87.5%HF animals fed either hay or urea treated rice straw significantly decreased in the early stage of lactation when compared with the late pregnant period. The body weight of 50%HF animals did not change significantly. The water turnover rate was significantly higher in lactating animals than in pregnant animals in all groups. During the lactating period the half‐life of tritium was significantly lower than during the pregnant period. There were no significant differences in the water turnover rate among groups of animals in regard to either the pregnant period or lactating period. In the lactating period significant reductions of total body water were noted in both groups of 87.5%HF animals fed either hay or treated rice straw, while this was not apparent for 50%HF animals. Plasma volume and blood volume increased significantly in the lactating period when compared with the pregnant period in all groups. The packed cell volume significantly decreased in the lactating period of both groups of 87.5%HF animals while it did not significantly change in 50% HF animals. The packed cell volume of 50% HF animals was significantly higher than that of 87.5%HF animals fed either hay or treated rice straw. There were no significant differences in heart rate, arterial blood pressure and plasma osmolality between the periods of late pregnancy and early stage of lactation in all groups of animals. Udder blood flow was nearly three times higher in lactating animals than in late pregnant animals in all groups. The udder blood flow of 87.5%HF animals was significantly higher while mammary resistance was significantly lower than in 50%HF animals. Milk secretion of 87.5%HF animals fed either hay or treated rice straw was significantly higher than that of 50%HF animals. The ratio of udder blood flow to milk secretion ratio was in the similar range for all groups of experimental animals. The ratio of dry matter intake to milk production for 87.5%HF animals fed either hay or urea treated rice straw was significantly lower than that of 50% HF animals. From these results it can be concluded that no differences in physiological functions are apparent for prolonged feeding of urea treated rice straw or pangola hay in the same crossbred pregnant and lactating animals. The difference between breeds is foun...

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