Online learning was adopted by all the educational institutions worldwide due to the outburst of COVID-19 pandemic. It has wreaked havoc on numerous areas of the economy, and the education sector is no exception. The lockdown imposed by the Union and State Governments to stem the spread of the virus and mitigate its effects has taken the academic community by surprise. University Grants Commission (UGC) insisted Higher Educational Institutes to take online learning during lockdown period. This study was aimed to enumerate the constraints confronted by students and teachers participated in online education. The study was conducted among 275 Undergraduate students and 150 teachers in Tamil Nadu Agricultural University. Constraints were collected in the form of open ended responses and tabulated in to different dimensions based on multiple responses. The constraints from students has been enlisted into six dimensions namely technical constraints, institutional constraints, socio-emotional constraints, health constraints, learning constraints and environmental constraints. The constraints from teachers have been enlisted into five dimensions namely teaching constraints, monitoring constraints, evaluation constraints, socio-emotional constraints and learner constraints. Necessary steps need to be taken to improve the quality of online learning in case of pandemic situation in future scenario.

Changing climatic parameters will have a huge effect on life and nature. Climate change will be best viewed through the increase in temperature, melting of ice and rapid rise in sea level. Such changes causes severe problems to human beings and other forms of life. Vulnerability to climate change is intimately related to poverty, as the poor are least able to respond to climatic stimuli. Further, certain regions of the world are more harshly affected by the effects of climate change than others. With this background the present study was carried out know the vulnerability of farmers to climate change in the Central Dry Zone of Karnataka with exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity as the dimensions. The study was conducted in the Central Dry Zone (Zone - IV) of Karnataka, India. Tiptur and Chiknayakanahalli taluks from Tumakuru district, Kadur from Chikmagalore district, Arsikere from Hassan district and Challakere from Chitradurga district were selected purposively for the study. The data was collected from 150 respondents. To exposure of farmers to climate change, rainfall and temperature were selected and the majority of farmers were severely exposed (0.822) and sensitive (0.894) to climate change with lower adaptive capacity (0.576) between the year 2013-2017. It shows that, 0.186, 0.226, 0.224, 0.220 and 0.241 was the Climate Vulnerability Index (CVI) of Arsikere, Kadur, Tiptur, Chiknayakanahalli and Challakere taluk, respectively. The overall CVI value of all taluks was 0.218. As per the result, all taluks were severely vulnerable to climate change.

Crop insurance is one of the risk management strategies that can help farmers manage hazards more effectively. The third-largest crop insurance plan, PMFBY (Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana), serves as a relief programme for farmers whose crops have been affected by a natural calamity. The aim of the study was to determine the satisfaction level of farmers regarding PMFBY scheme in Trichy district. The research was conducted during the year 2022 by using the “ex-post facto” research design. Three villages from each block of the Thuraiyur and Uppiliyapuram were purposefully chosen for the study based on having a higher percentage of insured farmers. Respondents were selected by proportionate sampling from each village, and the sample size was 120. The data were collected using structured interview schedule and the primary data was analysed using descriptive statistics, cumulative frequency method and chi-square test. The study's findings revealed that most of the insured farmers (65.00%) were middle-aged, 77% male had a middle-school education, owned small amounts of land (60.83%), had a medium level of information (65.78%), had crop loans from cooperative banks (50%) and had medium level of risk orientation and economic motivation. Regarding satisfaction, more than half of the respondents (68.33%) of the insured farmers reported a medium level of satisfaction with the PMFBY scheme. The factors viz., risk orientation, farm size, information sources, educational attainment, and the frequency of disaster occurrence all revealed a positive significant relationship with the satisfaction level of insured farmers at a 5% level of probability. Farmers' satisfaction was found to be modest in the study. As a result, accountable officials must conduct awareness campaigns, educate farmers before to or during crop cutting experiments, make the loss assessment process flexible and straightforward, and distribute claims prior to the start of the following season.